Opinion
Docket No. 16500.
Decided January 6, 1975.
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, Geraldine Bledsoe Ford, J. Submitted Division 1 June 7, 1974, at Detroit. (Docket No. 16500.) Decided January 6, 1975.
Marvin Simpson was convicted of possession of heroin and of carrying a concealed weapon. Defendant appeals. Remanded for further proceedings.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, and John L. Thompson, Jr., Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Joel Brown, for defendant on appeal.
A jury convicted defendant of possession of heroin, MCLA 335.52; MSA 18.1072, and carrying a concealed weapon, MCLA 750.227; MSA 28.424. Defendant appeals as of right.
Only one issue which defendant assigns as error merits treatment herein. Defendant contends that the prosecutor's failure to indorse and produce several alleged res gestae witnesses and the refusal of the trial court to give a jury instruction proposed by defendant based on this alleged failure constitute reversible error.
The trial court charged the jury as follows: "I charge you, Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, `that it is the duty of the prosecution * * * to summon all the eyewitnesses to the crime, and if the prosecution fails to do so and the absence of such witnesses is not satisfactorily explained or excused, then you, as jurors, are at liberty to draw the inference * * * that if such witnesses were produced their testimony would be unfavorable to the people's case.' [People v Gibson, 253 Mich. 476, 478; 235 N.W. 225 (1931)]."
At trial, Officer Snell testified that on February 20, 1972, he and two fellow officers were sent by an informer to a specific address at which they would "find a man carrying a gun". Upon entering that address, the officers confronted defendant, who fit the informer's description. Upon seeing the officers, defendant fled up three flights of stairs with Officer Snell in pursuit. On the third floor landing, a small enclosed area, the officer saw defendant drop a gun and a brown paper bag which was later found to contain heroin. Defendant then walked into a group of four or five people who were knocking on an apartment door on the third floor landing. Officer Snell thereupon drew his gun and ordered defendant and the others to put their hands in the air. The officer testified that he arrested only the defendant and released the others without determining their identities "because they weren't involved".
Defendant claimed that he had gone to borrow money from a friend who lived on the third floor. Defendant testified that upon reaching the third floor landing, he came upon a group of five or six individuals, some one of whom threw down the gun and bag thinking him to be a police officer. He further testified that Officer Snell came up the stairs behind him and inexplicably told him to put his hands up and then arrested him.
A prosecutor must indorse on an information the names of the witnesses known to him at the time of filing. MCLA 767.40; MSA 28.980. The mandatory requirement of the statute for the indorsement of witnesses applies only to res gestae witnesses, People v Keywell, 256 Mich. 139; 239 N.W. 288 (1931), People v Kayne, 268 Mich. 186; 255 N.W. 758 (1934), People v Tann, 326 Mich. 361; 40 N.W.2d 184 (1949).
The prosecutor does not refute defendant's claim that the witnesses to defendant's arrest were res gestae witnesses. However, citing People v Todaro, 253 Mich. 367; 235 N.W. 185 (1931), aff'd, 256 Mich. 427; 240 N.W. 90 (1932), and People v Loggins, 17 Mich. App. 388; 169 N.W.2d 519 (1969), the prosecutor claims that he was under no obligation to indorse and produce these witnesses because their identities were not known to him. The prosecutor fails, however, to note that a prosecutor is excused from indorsing unknown witnesses only after he has shown to the court evidence of a diligent effort to identify them. In Todaro, supra, and all subsequent cases citing it, the prosecution documented diligent efforts to indorse and produce res gestae witnesses. Loggins merely states the rule that unknown witnesses need not be indorsed but does not condone a failure to indorse in the absence of a diligent search. See People v Harrison, 44 Mich. App. 578, 587; 205 N.W.2d 900, 906 (1973). The record here presents no evidence of any effort by the prosecutor to identify the witnesses found at the scene. Further, the admitted fact that Officer Snell ordered them at gunpoint to raise their hands indicates their immediate relationship to the occurrence, even if they were not later arrested, as likely res gestae witnesses.
At trial the prosecutor argued that he should be excused from indorsing the eyewitnesses because the failure of the police to get their names would make it impossible to find them. Legal and practical realities reject this argument. To accept plaintiff's reasoning we would have to believe that the police and the prosecuting attorney are unrelated parts of the State's prosecutorial system. Police negligence cannot excuse a prosecutor from performance of his legal duty. Any other rule would undermine the viability of the res gestae rule requiring disclosure of the evidence necessary for an adequate defense. People v Raider, 256 Mich. 131; 239 N.W. 387 (1931).
The most cogent case for plaintiff is People v Parisi, 270 Mich. 429; 259 N.W. 127 (1935). There the police knew of a res gestae witness but did not notify the prosecutor, who became aware of the witness only when defendant moved to indorse same. On appeal the Supreme Court found no abuse of discretion in the trial court's refusal to grant defendant's motion for a directed verdict based on the non-indorsement. While the record here provides no information about the prosecutor's awareness of the eyewitnesses, any familiarity by the prosecutor with the testimony of his own witnesses should have brought the res gestae witnesses to his attention. Further, the Parisi trial court considered the unindorsed res gestae witnesses to be unimportant, which is clearly not the case here. Indeed, one or more of the res gestae witnesses in the instant case may provide the only available third-party corroboration of defendant's story.
The second prong of defendant's attack on his conviction is the court's failure to give the instruction requested by defendant. To merit reversal on this ground, the trial court's refusal of defendant's motion for a jury instruction on the non-indorsement of res gestae witnesses must be shown to be an abuse of judicial discretion. People v Tann, supra; People v Tamosaitis, 244 Mich. 258; 221 N.W. 307 (1928); People v Bersine, 48 Mich. App. 295; 210 N.W.2d 501 (1973), lv den, 391 Mich. 837 (1974).
Once the existence of an unindorsed res gestae witness has been shown, the prosecutor has the burden of showing a diligent effort to indorse that witness. People v Zabijak, 285 Mich. 164; 280 N.W. 149 (1938); People v Raymond Robinson, 390 Mich. 629; 213 N.W.2d 106 (1973); People v Harrison, supra; People v James, 51 Mich. App. 777; 216 N.W.2d 473 (1974). From the record in this cause it appears that the trial court misplaced the burden of proof required for a showing of due diligence by the prosecutor. The trial court found "no showing [that] there was any purposeful avoidance or that these people came to the attention of the prosecutor". Further, the trial court justified the prosecutor's failure to indorse by noting that defendant had been unable to locate the one witness whose name was known to defendant. The trial court should have asked whether the prosecutor made a diligent effort to locate the witnesses, not whether the prosecutor had purposefully avoided making an effort to locate them. Defendant's burden was met when the existence of the eyewitnesses was brought out by the prosecution's first witness. The prosecution presented no evidence to meet its burden.
We remand this cause to the trial court for the purpose of allowing defendant to renew a motion for new trial. In the event defendant is denied a new trial on motion, the defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing at which the prosecutor shall be required to indorse and produce the res gestae witnesses or explain why he cannot do so and why they were not indorsed and produced at trial. People v Raymond Robinson, supra. If any or all of the res gestae witnesses are produced they shall be examined regarding their knowledge of the crime for which defendant has been convicted. In the event the prosecutor is unable to identify or locate the alleged res gestae witnesses, he shall make a record at the hearing of his effort to locate same. We retain jurisdiction, in the event a new trial is denied, for the purpose of reviewing the judge's findings at the evidentiary hearing directed herein. In that event a transcript of the hearing and the judge's findings shall be transmitted to the Court of Appeals. GCR 1963, 820.1(5), People v Raymond Robinson, supra. In the event a new trial is ordered, the trial court shall order a copy of the order granting new trial filed with this Court and upon filing of same the Court will no longer retain any jurisdiction in the cause.
Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
All concurred.