OPINION

BAXTER, J.

Defendant, an ex-felon, repeatedly molested his girlfriend's 11-year-old daughter. The evidence revealed that he had sexual intercourse with the girl during each unlawful encounter. On some of these occasions, he also either orally copulated or sexually fondled the victim. Defendant was convicted under the lewd conduct statute for each act of sexual intercourse, oral copulation, and fondling charged and disclosed at trial. (Pen. Code, § 288.)

The case raises both guilt and sentencing issues. First, we conclude the Court of Appeal erred in striking the lewd conduct convictions based on the acts of fondling. Unlike the court below, we reject defendant's broad suggestion that fondling activities are necessarily "indivisible" from other sex crimes committed on the same occasion and that the number of convictions is limited to the number of nonfondling crimes. Consistent with the general principles set forth in People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321 [ 256 Cal.Rptr. 401, 768 P.2d 1078] ( Harrison), each distinct lewd act can result in a separate violation of section 288.

Second, we address a sentencing issue that can arise in any felony case. In People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228 [ 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 520, 851 P.2d 802] ( Welch), we held that sentencing claims are not exempted per se from an objection requirement and that defendants cannot challenge the terms of their probation for the first time on appeal. Here, we apply the same principles to defendants who challenge the statement of reasons given by the trial court in support of its discretionary sentencing choices.

The Court of Appeal reached a similar conclusion and held that defendant had waived such claims by failing to object below. It appears, however, that this view is not widely held and that sentencing hearings are largely conducted under the assumption that such claims can be raised in the first instance on appeal. As a result, the waiver rule adopted herein will be applied prospectively for the benefit of the bench and bar and to avoid unfairness to this defendant.

I. FACTS

The crimes occurred in late 1990 and early 1991. Defendant, who was then in his mid-30's, lived with his girlfriend, Susan, and her 4 children. Defendant had fathered the two youngest children, both infants. Susan's other children were three-year-old Ebony and eleven-year-old Latoya. Latoya is the victim in this case.

Latoya's mother regularly used crack cocaine. She was incarcerated for four months between June and September 1990. After her release, she continued using drugs and was gone from the apartment several days a week. Defendant took care of the children in Susan's absence.

At trial, Latoya testified that defendant molested her over a seven-month period beginning in July 1990, and continuing through January 1991. Latoya reported 10 sexual encounters during this time — 1 per month, plus an additional incident in August, September, and January.

For purposes of this case, it is sufficient to note that Latoya described the circumstances surrounding all of the crimes in fairly detailed terms. She remembered the exact dates of the last three incidents (Christmas Day, New Year's Day, and the night before defendant's arrest on January 23). She identified the room of the house in which the acts occurred (her bedroom, defendant's bedroom, or the kitchen), and sometimes narrowed the location even further (bed or floor). According to Latoya, the molestations generally took place while her siblings slept in another room or when she and defendant were alone in the apartment. She mentioned what she was wearing on some occasions (pajamas or "regular" clothes) and whether she washed herself afterwards.

Latoya also described the various sex acts with particularity. She testified that an act of "sexual intercourse" occurred during each of the 10 episodes. When asked to define the term, she explained that defendant "stuck his private into [her private]." Latoya found "white stuff" on her leg after each penetration.

Latoya indicated that on at least four occasions, the act of intercourse was accompanied by another sex act. Specifically, defendant fondled ("was feeling on") her in a sexual manner during the first and last encounters (July and January 22). On at least two other occasions (September and October), defendant orally copulated Latoya ("licked" her "private") in addition to having intercourse with her.

Latoya knew defendant had a bad temper and she was afraid of him. She testified that after the third incident (August) and on subsequent occasions, he reportedly threatened to kill her, her mother, and her sister Ebony if the molestations were ever disclosed. Defendant also pulled Latoya's hair and made her cry before ordering her into the bedroom and molesting her for the last time in January.

Latoya's mother called the police when she returned home after the last January incident and found defendant and Latoya sleeping together. When defendant was arrested and placed in the patrol car, a police officer twice heard him mutter, "[A]ll this time and she says something now."

A medical examination performed shortly after defendant's arrest disclosed tenderness in Latoya's vaginal area. Although her hymen was intact, this phenomenon apparently is not unusual in molestation cases or inconsistent with penetration. The examining physician explained that because Latoya's hymen was "estrogenized" and highly elastic, it might never have torn or it could have torn and healed and left no detectable scar.

Defendant testified on his own behalf and denied molesting Latoya. He believed she was retaliating against him because of his strict parenting style and because of the beatings he inflicted upon her mother. Defendant's friends and Susan's brother testified that they saw nothing unusual in defendant's behavior towards Latoya around the time some of the molestations occurred.

Defendant was charged with 14 counts of lewd conduct, 2 of which were allegedly committed by force or fear. (§ 288, subds. (a), (b).) The information also alleged that defendant occupied a position of special trust while committing most of the crimes. (§ 1203.066, subd. (a)(9).) The jury found defendant guilty as charged, except that only one forcible lewd act (January 22) was found. Defendant admitted that he had sustained separate prior convictions for armed robbery and involuntary manslaughter (§ 667, subd. (a)), and that he had served a prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (a)).

At the start of the sentencing hearing in mid-1991, the court announced that it had read the probation report and the parties' statements in aggravation and mitigation. It then solicited argument from counsel. Defense counsel urged the court not to impose either the upper term or consecutive terms on the lewd conduct counts and insisted that a 16-year prison sentence was appropriate. Leniency was urged primarily on the basis of evidentiary and jury trial issues that had been raised and rejected in a prior motion for new trial. The prosecution sought a 50-year term, citing the repeated abuse and emotional trauma Latoya had endured.

The court ultimately imposed a 44-year prison sentence that was similar in all material respects to the sentence recommended by the probation officer. First, defendant was found ineligible for probation based on the use of force in one count and his violation of a position of special trust. In mitigation, the court acknowledged that defendant had performed satisfactorily on parole. It made clear, however, that this factor was entitled to little weight and was "far outweigh[ed]" by the aggravating circumstances.

As noted, defendant was convicted of 14 counts of lewd conduct. The court designated count 1 as the principal term and imposed the upper term of eight years on this count. It cited three aggravating factors in support of this choice (repeated threats of harm, violent conduct posing a serious threat to society, and multiple prior convictions of an increasingly serious nature). As to the remaining convictions (i.e., counts 2 through 14), the court determined that consecutive sentences were warranted, but rejected the prosecutor's suggestion that full consecutive terms be imposed to the extent available under section 667.6, subdivision (c). Instead, a consecutive term equal to one-third of the middle term (i.e., two years) was imposed under section 1170.1, subdivision (a) for each of the lewd conduct convictions in counts 2 through 14. Again, three aggravating factors were cited (independent crimes, separate threats and acts of violence, and crimes committed in different places and at different times).

As to enhancements, the court imposed a consecutive five-year term for each of defendant's two prior serious felony convictions. An additional three-year term imposed for the prior prison term was ordered stayed. After reciting its sentence, the court invited comments from counsel. No objections were raised. Defendant appealed the judgment.

On the issue of guilt, the Court of Appeal unanimously agreed with a claim defendant had raised at trial and on appeal — that the manual fondling of Latoya's breasts, vagina, and buttocks in July 1990 and on January 22, 1991, was part of a course of conduct "indivisible" from the sexual intercourse which also occurred on those occasions. The Court of Appeal concluded that all the sexual acts on each of these dates should be treated as a single offense. It therefore struck the convictions that were based on the acts of fondling (counts 2 and 14).

In challenging his sentence on appeal, defendant argued that the trial court erred in sentencing him on some counts under section 654, in double-counting certain aggravating factors, in citing factors that did not apply, and in misweighing the factors. On its own motion, the Court of Appeal asked the parties to address whether defendant had waived any of these claims in light of our recent decision in Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228.

A majority of the court ultimately concluded that only the section 654 and "dual-use" claims had not been waived. Although it found a dual-use problem, the majority affirmed the judgment (as modified) on the ground that it was not reasonably likely that a more favorable sentence would have been imposed in the absence of the error. The dissenting justice concluded that no sentencing claims had been waived, that various sentencing errors had been made, and that a remand for resentencing was required.

Defendant petitioned for review on the sentencing/waiver issue. In his answer, the Attorney General raised an additional question concerning reversal of the two fondling counts on appeal. We granted review of both questions.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Lewd Conduct Convictions

The Penal Code prohibits and punishes a wide variety of forcible, nonconsensual, and otherwise depraved forms of sexual conduct. Many of these crimes have been part of the code since its enactment in 1872 or were added a few years later. Offenses long proscribed by statute include rape (§§ 261, 263), sodomy (§ 286), lewd acts against children (§ 288), and oral copulation (§ 288a). New crimes also have been created. (See, e.g., §§ 243.4 [sexual battery], 288.5 [continuous abuse of child by resident molester], 289 [penetration of genital or anal opening by foreign object].) From time to time, the Legislature has expanded liability under existing statutes. (See, e.g., Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, 328, fn. 7 [§ 289]; People v. Barnes (1986) 42 Cal.3d 284, 292-303 [ 228 Cal.Rptr. 228, 721 P.2d 110] [§ 261].)

Many provisions assume that specific sex acts are venal and harmful when committed against unwilling persons of any age. For example, the rape and sodomy statutes concern nonconsensual acts of vaginal and anal intercourse, and specify that "[a]ny sexual penetration, however slight" is sufficient to "complete" the crime. (§§ 263, 286, subd. (a); see also § 261.) Similar "penetration[s]" of the "genital or anal openings" are prohibited where the act is committed with a "foreign object" or with any part of the body besides a "sexual organ." (§ 289, subds. (a)-(k).) The scheme targets other types of compelled sex acts as well. (See, e.g., §§ 288a, subd. (a) ["copulating the mouth of one person with the sexual organ or anus of another person"], 243.4, [committing battery by "touch[ing]" an "intimate part," to wit, "sexual organ, anus, groin, or buttocks of any person, and the breast of a female"].)

(2) As these excerpts suggest, a prolonged encounter is not necessary to convict under the scheme. Assuming other elements of the offense are present, a statutory violation is generally complete as soon as the requisite "penetration," "touching," or contact occurs. We have explained the underlying rationale as follows: "As section 263 notes with regard to the sufficiency of 'penetration' in rape cases, the 'essential guilt' of sex offenses lies in the 'outrage' to the person and feelings of the victim. . . .' The 'slight penetration' language confirms that this peculiar 'outrage' is deemed to occur each time the victim endures a new, unconsented sexual insertion. The Legislature, by devising a distinctly harsh sentencing scheme, has emphasized the seriousness with which society views each separate unconsented sexual act, even when all are committed on a single occasion. (See, e.g., § 667.6, subd. (c).)" ( Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, 330.)

(3) Above and beyond the protection afforded to all victims of sexual assault, the Legislature has determined that children are uniquely susceptible to "outrage" and exploitation. Hence, special laws on the subject of sex with children have been enacted. They expand the kinds of acts which may be deemed criminal sexual misconduct, and they generally operate without regard to force, fear, or consent. (See, e.g., §§ 261.5 [sexual intercourse with nonspouse under 18], 266 [enticing female under 18 into prostitution], 266j [procuring child under 16 for lewd act], 267 [abducting person under 18 for prostitution], 285 [incest], 288.2 [distributing harmful materials to minor for sexual purpose], 288.5 [continuous abuse of child by resident molester].)

Section 288 is a key weapon in this statutory arsenal. As pertinent here, it prohibits "any lewd or lascivious act including any of the acts constituting other crimes provided for in Part 1 of this code upon or with the body, or any part or member thereof, of a child under the age of 14 years, with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of that person or of the child. . . ." The statute has remained largely unchanged since its enactment over a century ago.

Courts have long assumed that section 288 protects underage victims from a broad range of sexually motivated acts. In general, a statutory violation is said to occur when the defendant "touches" a child under the age of 14 with the requisite specific intent. ( People v. Raley (1992) 2 Cal.4th 870, 907 [ 8 Cal.Rptr.2d 678, 830 P.2d 712]; People v. Mickle (1991) 54 Cal.3d 140, 175-176 [ 284 Cal.Rptr. 511, 814 P.2d 290]; People v. O'Connor (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 941, 947 [ 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 530]; People v. Gilbert (1992) 5 Cal.App.4th 1372, 1380 [ 7 Cal.Rptr.2d 660]; People v. Austin (1980) 111 Cal.App.3d 110, 112-115 [ 168 Cal.Rptr. 401] ; People v. Dontanville (1970) 10 Cal.App.3d 783, 795-796 [ 89 Cal.Rptr. 172]; People v. Nothnagel (1960) 187 Cal.App.2d 219, 225 [ 9 Cal.Rptr. 519]; People v. Hobbs (1952) 109 Cal.App.2d 189, 192 [ 240 P.2d 411]; People v. Ahsbahs (1946) 77 Cal.App.2d 244, 250 [ 175 P.2d 33]; People v. Schultz (1942) 49 Cal.App.2d 38, 43-44 [ 120 P.2d 893]; CALJIC No. 10.41; 2 Witkin Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law (1988) Crimes Against Decency and Morals, §§ 786-790, pp. 889-894.)

For example, section 288 applies where the victim is raped, sodomized, or orally copulated, and where the defendant attempts to commit such a crime. (See, e.g., People v. Siko (1988) 45 Cal.3d 820, 823 [ 248 Cal.Rptr. 110, 755 P.2d 294]; People v. Pilgrim (1963) 215 Cal.App.2d 374, 376, 379 [ 30 Cal.Rptr. 170]; People v. Ash (1945) 70 Cal.App.2d 583, 584 [ 161 P.2d 415].) A lewd and lascivious act also has been found where the child is directed to perform a sexual act upon the defendant (see, e.g., People v. Catelli (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 1434, 1447-1448 [ 278 Cal.Rptr. 452]; People v. Pitmon (1985) 170 Cal.App.3d 38, 44-45 [ 216 Cal.Rptr. 221]), and where the defendant fondles the victim's "private parts" (see, e.g., People v. Shultz, supra, 49 Cal.App.2d 38, 41, 43-44; People v. Epperson (1935) 7 Cal.App.2d 125, 126 [ 45 P.2d 359]).

Some cases suggest that no contact with the bare skin, genitals, or breasts is required under section 288. (See, e.g., People v. Gilbert, supra, 5 Cal.App.4th 1372, 1380; People v. Dontanville, supra, 10 Cal.App.3d 783, 795-796; People v. Hobbs, supra, 109 Cal.App.2d 189, 192; People v. Lanham (1934) 137 Cal.App. 737, 740 [ 31 P.2d 410].) Other cases hold that even a "constructive" touching may suffice. This principle permits conviction under section 288 where, at the defendant's direction and for a lewd purpose, a young child touched himself or touched a third person. (See, e.g., People v. Mickle, supra, 54 Cal.3d 140, 176; People v. Wallace (1992) 11 Cal.App.4th 568, 574-575 [ 14 Cal.Rptr.2d 67]; People v. Meacham (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 142, 154 [ 199 Cal.Rptr. 586]; People v. Austin, supra, 111 Cal.App.3d 110, 114-115.)

Application of section 288 to a wide variety of sexually motivated acts promotes the statutory purpose in several ways. Where the defendant commits an act under circumstances that are prohibited by both section 288 and another sex crime statute, a violation under either or both statutes may be charged and found. As a result, the statute provides the prosecution with broad discretion to tailor the charges to the evidence in a particular case — an important concern where young victims might not remember or be able to describe the precise manner in which they were assaulted. Section 288 also permits the conviction of an individual who touches a child in a lewd and harmful way, even though there is no evidence that a sex crime occurred under any other statutory provision. (1b) The parties do not seriously dispute that, viewed independently, each act of sexual fondling and intercourse committed in the first and last incidents violated section 288. However, in defending the court's decision striking the two fondling counts on appeal, defendant argues that special rules apply where multiple lewd acts occur on a single occasion. Defendant suggests that all such activities are merely part of an "indivisible" sexual assault and that the statutory scheme does not permit separate conviction for each distinct act. We disagree.

The proposed rule is inconsistent with the general manner in which statutory violations are calculated under the scheme. The relevant analysis appears in Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321. There, the victim awoke early one morning and discovered the defendant breaking into her bedroom. The pair struggled and defendant made statements suggesting that he intended to rape the victim. He inserted his finger into her vagina three separate times, but it repeatedly dislodged when she pulled away. The brief attack ended when the victim escaped after the last penetration. On appeal, the defendant argued that an "indivisible" course of conduct had occurred, and that the jury had erred in finding three violations of section 289 (penetration by foreign object).

We rejected the claim. Harrison reviewed the circumstances under which a sexual offense is deemed "complete," and noted that "prolonged or deep insertion, or emission or orgasm" had never been required in "penetration" cases. ( Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, 329].) We also observed that courts had long assumed that one offense is complete and another one begins whenever the perpetrator stops and resumes unlawful activity during a sexual assault. Thus, in the vast majority of cases, multiple convictions had been sustained without regard to the sequence or nature of the underlying acts or the cause or length of any break between them. ( Id., at pp. 330-331.) Harrison emphasized that the Legislature had amended the scheme several times without expressing any "discernible objection" to the manner in which it had been applied. ( Id., at p. 334.) Thus, despite the close and similar nature of the underlying acts, we held that the defendant had properly sustained three convictions under section 289 for each "new and separate" penetration of the victim. (48 Cal.3d at p. 329, italics omitted.)

Harrison also suggested that a contrary rule would defeat the statutory purpose and lead to absurd results. For example, defendant Harrison sought to minimize his culpability by arguing that fewer penetrations and less violence might have occurred if the victim had not resisted the attack. We made clear, however, that such factors had no bearing on whether the elements of three separate crimes were present. Under Harrison and the cases on which it relied, a defendant who continues a sexual assault after even a brief interruption risks greater liability under the scheme. ( Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, 329-332.) The Legislature could reasonably conclude that such an offender subjects the victim to an increased risk of harm and is more culpable than one who takes advantage of an opportunity to end the attack. A rule preventing multiple convictions in such cases might hinder deterrence and effectively reward the offender who repeatedly assaults his victim.

Finally, Harrison disapproved a small minority of cases that essentially rewrote the statutory scheme. Most notable was People v. Hammon (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1084 [ 236 Cal.Rptr. 822] ( Hammon). There, the defendant was convicted in a nonjury trial of several counts of lewd conduct based on photographs in which he appeared to be performing repeated acts of oral copulation, sexual intercourse, and genital fondling upon a female infant. Although the defendant raised only sentencing issues on appeal, the Hammon court analyzed the propriety of his numerous convictions. It reversed some of the lewd conduct counts because it found no evidence that certain events had transpired between similar sex acts, to wit, the commission of a "different sex offense," "sexual climax," an "appreciable passage of time," or a "reasonable opportunity for reflection." ( Id., at p. 1099, fn. omitted.) Hammon broadly held that distinct but similar sex acts constitute distinct crimes only where such an intervening circumstance appears. ( Ibid.)

Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, 332-333, concluded that the Hammon test improperly restricted the circumstances under which a completed sex offense could be found. We noted that the four factors cited by Hammon essentially collapsed into one — whether the defendant had a reasonable opportunity to reflect between acts. However, the Hammon court had "borrowed" this language from section 667.6, subdivision (d) — a sentencing statute mandating full consecutive terms where the defendant has "a reasonable opportunity to reflect upon his or her actions and nevertheless resume[s] sexually assaultive behavior." We observed that "[n]othing on the face of [section 667.6] purports to affect the manner in which various sex crimes are to be defined in the first instance. [¶] . . . [Moreover,] the fact that only some multiple sex offenders must receive consecutive terms on the basis of a 'reasonable opportunity for reflection' test suggests that others may at least be convicted of multiple sex offenses even in the absence of this factor." ( 48 Cal.3d 321, 333, italics in original.) Harrison made clear that while a jury might infer that a "new and separate" sexual act had occurred under the circumstances identified by Hammon, the law did not preclude separate convictions in the absence of such evidence. Hammon was therefore disapproved.

For similar reasons, we reject defendant's proposed limit on the number of convictions that can arise during a single encounter under section 288. Each individual act that meets the requirements of section 288 can result in a "new and separate" statutory violation. ( Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, 329, italics omitted.) As some courts already recognize, a more lenient rule of conviction should not apply simply because more than one lewd act occurs on a single occasion. (See, e.g., People v. Bright (1991) 227 Cal.App.3d 105, 109-110 [ 277 Cal.Rptr. 612].) Under defendant's approach, the clever molester could violate his victim in numerous lewd ways, safe in the knowledge that he could not be convicted and punished for every act. In light of the special protection afforded underage victims, we cannot conceive that the Legislature intended this result.

Defendant insists that because of the unique and "amorphous" nature of section 288, the principles set forth in Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, do not apply. Defendant observes, for example, that a man who rapes a child will likely touch the victim many times before and during the rape, and that none of these activities are "separate" from the rape. Defendant relies heavily on two lower court cases indicating that only a single statutory violation occurs where distinct fondling activities are accompanied by another sex crime such as rape, sodomy, or oral copulation. ( People v. Bevan (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 393, 399-403 [ 256 Cal.Rptr. 233] ( Bevan); People v. Bothuel (1988) 205 Cal.App.3d 581, 589-592 [ 252 Cal.Rptr. 596] ( Bothuel).)

However Bevan and Bothuel were both decided before Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d 321, and their reasoning is flawed. The lead case, Bothuel, assumed that sex offenses are generally not defined along the lines of each distinct sexual act. ( Bothuel, supra, 205 Cal.App.3d 581, 591-592 fn. 11.) It extracted this principle from Hammon, supra, 191 Cal.App.3d 1084, a case we have since disapproved.

Bothuel, supra, 205 Cal.App.3d 581, 591-592, also disallowed separate convictions for distinct fondling activities based on the assumption that they are generally "incidental" and "preparatory to" other sex crimes committed on the same occasion. (See Bevan, supra, 208 Cal.App.3d 393, 401-403.) However, this notion was extracted from older cases which addressed the separate problem of multiple punishment under section 654, and which are outdated even in that context. Thus, Bevan and Bothuel do not properly analyze the circumstances under which a defendant may be separately convicted under section 288 for separate lewd acts committed in a single encounter. They are disapproved to this extent.

Here, substantial evidence supports all of the lewd conduct convictions, including the two fondling counts disputed on appeal. Latoya testified that during both the first and last incidents charged in the information, defendant fondled an intimate part of her body and also had sexual intercourse with her. Even in the absence of testimony describing the precise sequence of the various acts, the jury could reasonably conclude that a total of four lewd acts and four violations of section 288 had occurred on these occasions. The Court of Appeal therefore erred in reversing two of these convictions.

B. Sentencing

(4a) Defendant contends the Court of Appeal erred in holding that defects in the trial court's statement of reasons are waived unless challenged at the time of sentencing. We disagree. Application of an objection and waiver rule is fair and reasonable given the nature of the sentencing decisions at issue and the procedural backdrop against which they are made. To reach that conclusion, we must first examine the statutory scheme in some detail.

The Determinate Sentencing Act has been in effect since 1977 and prescribes the punishment to be imposed in most noncapital felony cases. (§ 1170 et seq.; cf. § 1168, subd. (b) [indeterminate terms].) Although the scheme is vast, intricate, and frequently amended, its basic parameters have become familiar to courts and counsel over the years.

In general, a defendant may be eligible for probation instead of imprisonment depending upon the nature of the offense. (§§ 1170, subd. (a)(2), 1203.) Where imprisonment is imposed, the court typically selects a lower, middle, or upper term as the base term for the underlying offense. (§ 1170, subds. (a)(2), (b).) An enhancement may be authorized or required depending on the circumstances of the crime (see, e.g., § 12022.5 [personal use of a firearm]) and/or the history of the defendant (see, e.g., § 667 [habitual serious felony offender]). In cases involving multiple convictions, terms of imprisonment either can or must be made consecutive; in some cases, alternative formulas for consecutive sentences may be available. (Compare § 1170.1, subd. (a) [one-third the midterm for each consecutive term] with § 667.6, subds. (c) (d) [full discretionary and mandatory consecutive terms for sex offenses]; but see § 654 [ban on multiple punishment].) Limits on the length of enhanced and aggregate prison terms sometimes apply. (See § 1170.1, subds. (a), (e) (g)(1).) Various "credits" can reduce a defendant's actual time in custody (see, e.g., § 2900.5, subd. (a) [presentence custody credits]), and monetary penalties can be imposed (see, e.g., § 1202.4 [restitution fine]).

Although many of the act's provisions are mandatory, the trial court often has broad discretion to tailor the sentence to the particular case. The choices available commonly include the decision to order probation rather than imprisonment, to impose the lower or upper term instead of the middle term of imprisonment, to impose consecutive rather than concurrent sentences under certain discretionary provisions, and to strike or stay certain enhancements or waive a restitution fine. (§ 1170.3.) As directed by the Legislature, the Judicial Council has promulgated rules to guide these choices. (§§ 1170, subd. (a)(2), 1170.3; Cal. Rules of Court, rules 401, 403, 406(b) [hereafter rules]; People v. Wright (1982) 30 Cal.3d 705, 709-713 [ 180 Cal.Rptr. 196, 639 P.2d 267].)

The statutes and sentencing rules generally require the court to state "reasons" for its discretionary choices on the record at the time of sentencing. (§§ 1170, subds. (b) (c), 1170.1, subd. (h), 1202.4, subd. (a).) Such reasons must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence in the record and must "reasonably relat[e]" to the particular sentencing determination. (Rules 408(a), 420(b).) No particular wording is required, but courts typically rely on applicable sentencing factors set forth in the statutory scheme and the rules. (See, e.g., §§ 1170.7-1170.85 [circumstances in aggravation]; rules 414 [criteria affecting probation], 421 [circumstances in aggravation], 423 [circumstances in mitigation], 425 [criteria affecting concurrent or consecutive sentences].)

Although a single factor may be relevant to more than one sentencing choice, such dual or overlapping use is prohibited to some extent. For example, the court generally cannot use a single fact both to aggravate the base term and to impose an enhancement, nor may it use a fact constituting an element of the offense either to aggravate or to enhance a sentence. (§ 1170, subd. (b); rule 420(c) (d).) In addition, the court may impose the upper or lower term of imprisonment only where the balance of aggravating or mitigating factors cited in support of that choice "weighs" against imposition of the middle term. (Rule 420(a) (b).)

The parties have ample opportunity to influence the court's sentencing choices under the determinate scheme. As a practical matter, both sides often know before the hearing what sentence is likely to be imposed and the reasons therefor. Such information is contained in the probation report, which is required in every felony case and generally provided to the court and parties before sentencing. (§§ 1191, 1203, subds. (b) (g), 1203c, 1203d 1203.10; rules 411, 411.5(a)(8), (9); People v. Edwards (1976) 18 Cal.3d 796, 801 fn. 8 [ 135 Cal.Rptr. 411, 557 P.2d 995].) In anticipation of the hearing, the defense may file, among other things, a statement in mitigation urging specific sentencing choices and challenging the information and recommendations contained in the probation report. (§ 1170, subd. (b); rule 437.) Relevant argument and evidence also may be presented at sentencing. (§ 1204; rule 433.) Under existing law, a defense attorney who fails to adequately understand the available sentencing alternatives, promote their proper application, or pursue the most advantageous disposition for his client may be found incompetent. (See, e.g., People v. Cotton (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1072, 1085-1087 [ 284 Cal.Rptr. 757]; People v. Cropper (1979) 89 Cal.App.3d 716, 719-721 [ 152 Cal.Rptr. 555].)

(5) Against this backdrop, the purpose for requiring the court to orally announce its reasons at sentencing is clear. The requirement encourages the careful exercise of discretion and decreases the risk of error. In the event ambiguities, errors, or omissions appear in the court's reasoning, the parties can seek an immediate clarification or change. The statement of reasons also supplies the reviewing court with information needed to assess the merits of any sentencing claim and the prejudicial effect of any error. ( People v. Martin (1986) 42 Cal.3d 437, 449 [ 229 Cal.Rptr. 131, 722 P.2d 905]; People v. Edwards, supra, 18 Cal.3d 796, 804.)

(6) Defendant acknowledges that the right to challenge a criminal sentence on appeal is not unrestricted. In order to encourage prompt detection and correction of error, and to reduce the number of unnecessary appellate claims, reviewing courts have required parties to raise certain issues at the time of sentencing. In such cases, lack of a timely and meaningful objection forfeits or waives the claim. ( Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, 234-235; People v. Walker (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1013, 1023 [ 1 Cal.Rptr.2d 902, 819 P.2d 861]; see also People v. Saunders (1993) 5 Cal.4th 580, 589-590 [ 20 Cal.Rptr.2d 638, 853 P.2d 1093].) These principles are invoked as a matter of policy to ensure the fair and orderly administration of justice. (Cf. Evid. Code, §§ 353, 354 [preserving evidentiary claims].)

Thus, under our cases, a criminal defendant cannot argue for the first time on appeal that the court ordered probation under unreasonable conditions ( Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, 234-235), imposed a restitution fine following a guilty plea without proper advisements ( People v. Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d 1013, 1022-1023), or aggravated a sentence based on items contained in a probation report that were erroneous or otherwise flawed ( People v. Chi Ko Wong (1976) 18 Cal.3d 698, 725 [ 135 Cal.Rptr. 392, 557 P.2d 976]). (4b) Courts of Appeal have applied the waiver doctrine to various issues concerning the manner in which sentence is imposed and the hearing is conducted. Most notable are a minority of cases holding that a defendant cannot complain for the first time on appeal about the court's failure to state reasons for a sentencing choice. ( People v. Neal, supra, 19 Cal.App.4th 1114, 1117-1124; People v. Crouch (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 902, 905 [ 182 Cal.Rptr. 701]; see also People v. Mustafaa (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1311 [ 28 Cal.Rptr.2d 172] [favoring contemporaneous objection to statement of reasons in dictum]; People v. Olken (1981) 125 Cal.App.3d 1064, 1067-1068 [ 178 Cal.Rptr. 497] [disallowing collateral attack based on failure to state reasons].)

Faced squarely with the issue for the first time, we adhere to this minority view. We conclude that the waiver doctrine should apply to claims involving the trial court's failure to properly make or articulate its discretionary sentencing choices. Included in this category are cases in which the stated reasons allegedly do not apply to the particular case, and cases in which the court purportedly erred because it double-counted a particular sentencing factor, misweighed the various factors, or failed to state any reasons or give a sufficient number of valid reasons.

Our reasoning is practical and straightforward. Although the court is required to impose sentence in a lawful manner, counsel is charged with understanding, advocating, and clarifying permissible sentencing choices at the hearing. Routine defects in the court's statement of reasons are easily prevented and corrected if called to the court's attention. As in other waiver cases, we hope to reduce the number of errors committed in the first instance and preserve the judicial resources otherwise used to correct them.

Defendant argues that this case is different in kind from other cases in which the waiver doctrine has been applied. He relies on the venerable notion that claims involving "unauthorized," "void," or "excessive" sentences, and sentences entered in "excess of jurisdiction," can be raised at any time. According to defendant, these concepts apply here because the court allegedly misapplied explicit sentencing rules and erroneously lengthened his term of imprisonment. However, we disagree with defendant's characterization of the issue.

(7) As pertinent here, the "unauthorized sentence" concept constitutes a narrow exception to the general requirement that only those claims properly raised and preserved by the parties are reviewable on appeal. ( In re Ricky H. (1981) 30 Cal.3d 176, 190-191 [ 178 Cal.Rptr. 324, 636 P.2d 13]; People v. Davis (1981) 29 Cal.3d 814, 827 fn. 5 [ 176 Cal.Rptr. 521, 633 P.2d 186].) The "unauthorized sentence" principle also has been invoked to determine whether claims previously rejected or never raised are procedurally barred on habeas corpus. ( In re Harris, supra, 5 Cal.4th 813, 838-841; Neal v. State of California, supra, 55 Cal.2d 11, 15-17.)

Although the cases are varied, a sentence is generally "unauthorized" where it could not lawfully be imposed under any circumstance in the particular case. Appellate courts are willing to intervene in the first instance because such error is "clear and correctable" independent of any factual issues presented by the record at sentencing. ( Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, 235.) (4c) As defendant suggests, legal error resulting in an unauthorized sentence commonly occurs where the court violates mandatory provisions governing the length of confinement. It does not follow, however, that nonwaivable error is involved whenever a prison sentence is challenged on appeal. (Cf. § 1238, subd. (a)(10) [People's right to appeal "unlawful sentence" includes any sentence "not authorized by law," but excludes court's "choice" of the lower, upper, or middle term or consecutive terms of imprisonment.].)

In essence, claims deemed waived on appeal involve sentences which, though otherwise permitted by law, were imposed in a procedurally or factually flawed manner. In Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, for example, we held that a contemporaneous objection is required when the court grants probation to an eligible defendant under conditions believed to be "unreasonable." Although the defendant claimed in Welch that the "reasonableness" requirement could not be waived because it was statutorily mandated, we characterized the issue in far different terms: "[Defendant] essentially argues only that the court exercised its otherwise lawful authority in an erroneous manner under the particular facts. . . . [P]robation conditions are rarely invalidated on this basis, and the appellate court is not best suited to determining how such an outcome might affect the defendant's suitability for probation. Traditional objection and waiver principles encourage development of the record and a proper exercise of discretion in the trial court." ( Id., at p. 236.)

Similar considerations apply to the sentencing claims raised here. Defendant does not dispute that, assuming aggravation outweighed mitigation, the court was authorized to impose the upper term under sections 288 and 1170, subdivision (b). Consecutive sentences were similarly allowed under section 1170.1, subdivision (a) as long as one or more valid aggravating factors were cited in support of that choice. Indeed, it appears that the trial court in this case was authorized to impose an even longer term under section 667.6, subdivision (c) — a consecutive sentencing option it explicitly rejected.

With the exception of defendant's claim that the court violated the ban on multiple punishment under section 654 (see fn. 17, ante, p. 354), defendant argues only that the court abused its discretion in aggravating his sentence and imposing consecutive terms. In other words, defendant claims the factors cited in support of such choices were inapplicable, duplicative, and improperly weighed. Much like the probation conditions challenged in Welch, fact-specific errors in the court's statement of reasons are not readily susceptible of correction on appeal. The reviewing court cannot substitute its reasons for those omitted or misapplied by the trial court, nor can it reweigh valid factors bearing on the decision below. (See, e.g., People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 491-492 [ 3 Cal.Rptr.2d 106, 821 P.2d 610]; People v. Coleman, supra, 48 Cal.3d 112, 161-162, 166; People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754, 758-759, 761 [ 159 Cal.Rptr. 696, 602 P.2d 396].)

(8) Indeed, as these cases make clear, the statement of reasons is intended to facilitate review of sentencing decisions that otherwise rest within the sound discretion of the trial court. When that court errs in identifying or articulating its sentencing choices, the reviewing court has no choice but to remand the matter for resentencing unless it finds the error nonprejudicial, i.e., it is "not reasonably probable that a more favorable sentence would have been imposed in the absence of the error." ( People v. Avalos (1984) 37 Cal.3d 216, 233 [ 207 Cal.Rptr. 549, 689 P.2d 121].) As noted above, application of the waiver rule helps avoid error and the need for appellate intervention in the first place.

(4d) Defendant further claims that a rule requiring a contemporaneous objection to defects in the court's statement of reasons is impractical. He insists it is unrealistic to expect counsel to comprehend, remember, and respond to the various sentencing factors and choices delivered orally by the court at the hearing. Defendant also asserts that courts typically solicit argument from counsel before pronouncing sentence, and that attempts to challenge the court's ruling after it is announced are usually discouraged or futile.

We recognize that pronouncement of sentence is a highly technical process encompassing a wide variety of procedural and substantive matters. Various manuals and rules of court instruct trial judges on the precise nature, chronology, and form of issues to be addressed at sentencing. As defendant suggests, and so far as we can tell, such materials generally provide no guidance on whether or how the court should accommodate objections by the parties to its statement of reasons and sentencing choices. (Cal. Criminal Law, Procedure and Practice (Cont.Ed.Bar 1994) pp. 961-962; Erwin et al., 5 Cal. Criminal Defense Practice (1994) §§ 91.12[4]-91.12[5][a], pp. 91-51-91-56; Cal. Judges Benchbook, Criminal Posttrial Proceedings (1991) pp. 218-221; id. (1994 supp.) p. 192; Greer Clarke, The Felony Sentencing Manual (1991) ch. 8, p. 8-3.)

Of course, there must be a meaningful opportunity to object to the kinds of claims otherwise deemed waived by today's decision. This opportunity can occur only if, during the course of the sentencing hearing itself and before objections are made, the parties are clearly apprised of the sentence the court intends to impose and the reasons that support any discretionary choices.

In sum, we hold that complaints about the manner in which the trial court exercises its sentencing discretion and articulates its supporting reasons cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. We disapprove any contrary view or holdings expressed by the Courts of Appeal. (See fn. 16, ante p. 353.) (9) The question remains, however, whether the waiver doctrine should be applied in this case. Defendant argues that we are establishing an objection requirement where none had clearly existed before, and that it would be unfair to restrict appellate review of a criminal sentence that was litigated and imposed before the new rule took effect. Defendant cites Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, in support of this view.

Before our decision in Welch, appellate courts had uniformly stated or implied that challenges to the reasonableness of a probation condition could be raised at any time. As previously noted, Welch rejected this approach and held that such claims are waived unless preserved in the trial court. However, Welch declined to apply its new procedural rule retroactively to cases in which the sentencing hearing was held before the decision became final. This approach was adopted not as a matter of due process, but to ensure the equitable and orderly administration of the law. "[D]efendant should not be penalized for failing to object where existing law overwhelmingly said no such objection was required. It would be unfair to effectively bar any review of defendant's claims where the rule requiring their preservation in the trial court was adopted in the context of [this] appeal." ( Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, 238, fn. omitted.) Prospective application of the Welch rule also gave the bench and bar an opportunity to learn about the change in the law before it took effect in other cases.

A similar approach is warranted here. Before today's decision, and even after Welch, supra, 5 Cal.4th 228, the clear weight of authority had broadly held or assumed that errors in the court's sentencing choices and statement of reasons could not be waived. For the most part, treatises and secondary authorities have ignored the contrary minority view; they either fail to warn litigants that they must object in order to preserve such issues or they affirmatively state that no objection is required. As a result, it appears that sentencing hearings have been conducted in a manner that has discouraged, disallowed, and discounted objections to the type of claims raised by defendant. Because our holding effectively changes the circumstances under which such claims are litigated, and may require substantial practical alterations in the way sentencing proceedings are routinely conducted, today's decision does not apply to cases in which the sentencing hearing was held before our decision becomes final.

III. DISPOSITION

The judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed insofar as it reversed the convictions and sentences on counts 2 and 14, and insofar as it rejected certain of defendant's sentencing claims on grounds of waiver. The matter is remanded to the Court of Appeal with directions to (1) reinstate the convictions on counts 2 and 14, (2) consider all sentencing claims related to the reinstated counts, and (3) consider sentencing claims related to the other counts, which claims were previously deemed waived. In all other respects, the judgment of the Court of Appeal is affirmed.

Lucas, C.J., Mosk, J., Arabian, J., George, J., and Werdegar, J., concurred.