Opinion
Docket No. 3,354.
Decided October 25, 1968. Leave to appeal denied June 19, 1969. 382 Mich. 763
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, Burdick (Benjamin D.), J. Submitted Division 1 March 7, 1968, at Detroit. (Docket No. 3,354.) Decided October 25, 1968. Leave to appeal denied June 19, 1969. 382 Mich. 763.
Donald Versaile Rowell was convicted of robbery armed. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Samuel J. Torina, Chief Appellate Lawyer, and Barbara K. Hackett, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Mayer Mayer, for defendant on appeal.
OPINION OF THE COURT
On October 21, 1966, defendant was convicted by a Detroit recorder's court jury of robbery armed for the robbery of $125 from a bakery shop.
CLS 1961, § 750.529 (Stat Ann 1968 Cum Supp § 28.797).
He appeals upon the grounds that the trial court erred in denying his motions to quash the information and for a directed verdict of not guilty, because of inadequate representation prior to trial and because due process was not accorded him in identification procedures.
The robbery occurred August 25, 1965. Defendant was arrested October 5, 1965. He appeared in a lineup on October 7 and was identified by the manager of the bakery. At a second lineup on October 8 he was identified by a customer who was an eyewitness to the holdup. On October 6 the manager was shown five pictures and picked the defendant's picture from the group. Another eyewitness customer was unable to identify the defendant at a lineup. No pictures were shown to the customers. Defendant was arraigned before the magistrate October 7, bond was fixed and examination set for October 11. On this date an attorney filed his appearance for examination only and requested an adjournment, which was granted to October 27. On this date examination was waived. Defendant claims by his appellate counsel that he was not present in court on October 27 and did not consent to or authorize his attorney to waive examination. For reasons which will hereafter be evident there is no merit to this unsupported claim. The defendant, having been bound over for trial, was arraigned November 23, at which time he stood mute. A week later assigned counsel entered his appearance. Trial was ordered for January 12, 1966, and on that date was adjourned to March 17. On oral motion of March 3, the case was remanded for examination. This was held March 9 and the complaining witness testified on direct and cross-examination in the presence of the defendant. The defendant was bound over for trial. On March 10 assigned counsel moved to withdraw because he discovered at the examination that he was related to the complaining witness. The motion was granted and substitute assigned counsel filed his appearance March 17 and on March 22 moved to remand for examination. The motion was granted and a second examination was held April 15, at which the complaining witness again testified on direct and cross-examination in defendant's presence. Defendant was bound over for trial. He was arraigned May 6 and trial was set for June 22. Due to a complaint filed by defendant with the court administrator, the court assigned new counsel, who filed an appearance July 13. The trial previously set for June 22 was adjourned to August 8 and then to August 26. On August 15 a motion was filed to quash the information on the grounds that the evidence produced at the two examinations was insufficient to support the charge, that no preliminary examination was held until seven months after defendant's arrest, that the lineup was conducted in violation of defendant's constitutional rights and that the complainant's testimony resulted in illegally obtained evidence being used against him, denying him due process. The motion was heard August 19 and a written opinion denying the same was filed September 19. Trial was ordered for October 19 and commenced October 20. Prior to the opening of trial, the assigned trial judge denied defendant's oral motion to quash the information. The complaining witness, the two customers and one police officer testified. Defendant waived the right to cross-examine the remaining witnesses endorsed on the information. Defendant's motion for a directed verdict was denied, whereupon he rested. After conviction, present appellate counsel was assigned to prosecute a timely appeal.
The foregoing statement of the proceedings had in this case is compiled after a careful examination of the record on appeal. The claims of defendant not supported by the record cannot be considered. People v. Fritch (1910), 161 Mich. 111.
Defendant's claims requiring consideration are substantially those presented to the trial court in the motion to quash the information and we hold that the ruling of the trial court was correct.
The delay in the proceedings cannot be charged to the people. The first scheduled examination was waived by counsel. An examination was then ordered on motion of defendant. The transcript of this examination reveals a careful cross-examination of the complaining witness. Yet before the transcript was filed substitute assigned counsel moved for and was granted a second examination "to remove any suspicion of the defendant [not] getting a fair and impartial hearing due to the fact that his former counsel and the witnesses [sic] in the case were relatives at the time of the examination." Again the complaining witness gave substantially the same testimony at this examination. The record does not show any request by defendant for an earlier trial or in what way he was prejudiced by the delay. This Court, in People v. Donald D. Williams (1965), 2 Mich. App. 91, held that, absent such a showing, a delay of seven months did not deny defendant a speedy trial. In People v. Foster (1933), 261 Mich. 247, the Court held that the accused must demand trial before he can claim denial of speedy trial.
It is apparent from a close reading of the motion that the word "not" was inadvertently omitted in the writing of the motion by the typist.
Defendant claims that he did not have adequate opportunity to consult with counsel before the examination of April 15. Furthermore, he does not show in what manner he was here prejudiced. He does not claim that he was denied the opportunity to consult with counsel during the examination. He had heard the testimony of the complaining witness at the prior examination, and was in a position to aid his counsel in conducting a searching cross-examination. Nevertheless, he does not claim that the testimony before the magistrate was insufficient to warrant holding him for trial. That the testimony was sufficient cannot be denied. The complaining witness testified that she was robbed of money at the point of a gun and identified the defendant in the courtroom as the man who robbed her.
The record does not disclose any basis for holding that the rights of the defendant were not afforded him during the preliminary proceedings or that any one of his attorneys did not fairly and adequately protect his rights.
Defendant's claim that the identification procedures denied him due process is without merit. The rule announced in United States v. Wade (1967), 388 U.S. 218 ( 87 S Ct 1926, 18 L Ed 2d 1149), has no application here. People v. Wilson (1967), 8 Mich. App. 651. Moreover, in Wade the Supreme Court remanded the case to the trial court to determine whether the in-court identification had an independent source or whether its introduction into evidence was harmless error. Thus the Court did not hold, and counsel has cited no case which holds, that such lineup procedures as were here used denied to defendant his constitutional due process protections. The fact that the complaining witness selected a picture of defendant on the day before she identified him in the lineup was brought out each time she testified and each time she identified him in the courtroom. The two eyewitness customers who were not shown pictures of defendant also identified him at the trial. One of these persons did and one of them did not identify him at the lineup. All of these facts, including the alleged contradictory testimony of the complaining witness at the examinations, presented a question of credibility for jury determination. The verdict is clearly supported by the evidence. This Court will not overturn the verdict of a jury where there is sufficient credible evidence to support it. People v. Arither Thomas (1967), 7 Mich. App. 103.
After lawful conviction a defendant is no longer presumed innocent. He then has the burden of satisfying the reviewing court that the record upon which he was convicted discloses reversible error. People v. Fritch, supra; CL 1948, § 769.26 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1096). This the defendant has not done.
Affirmed.
LESINSKI, C.J., concurred with ANDREWS, J.
Initial identification by photograph has been widely and effectively used in law enforcement. When the suspect is at large the display of photographs to eyewitnesses can facilitate the investigation by putting the police on the right track. It can exonerate an innocent man. Such use of photographic identification, with appropriate safeguards, is necessary and desirable and should be encouraged. Simmons v. United States (1968), 390 U.S. 377 ( 88 S Ct 967, 19 L Ed 2d 1247).
Fairness requires that a record be made of the names of all who are present whenever photographs are displayed. If at all possible, a substantially larger number of photographs should be shown than the 5 or 6 photographs displayed in this case. Copies of all photographs displayed should be added to the file so that defense counsel can attack and the jury can appraise the validity of the sample. A record should also be made of the order of presentation of photographs and the number of times each photograph is displayed.
The defendant Rowell was not, however, at large when the photographs were shown to the principal complaining witness in this case. Rowell was then already in custody. There was no need to show photographs, including a photograph of Rowell, to that witness on the day before she viewed Rowell in a lineup.
In Simmons the United States Supreme Court recognized the dangers involved in photographic identification. Even if scrupulously correct procedures are followed by the police in displaying photographs (frequently mug shots) to eyewitnesses there is some danger, said the court, that the witness may make an incorrect identification and, however the initial misidentification comes about, "the witness thereafter is apt to retain in his memory the image of the photograph rather than of the person actually seen, reducing the trustworthiness of subsequent lineup or courtroom identification." (pp 383, 384)
The photographic identification stage is as critical as the lineup stage, perhaps more so. The danger of misidentification at the photographic identification stage is as great, perhaps greater. Just as the facts and circumstances of a lineup identification cannot be readily reconstructed at trial ( United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 230-232 [ 87 S Ct 1926, 18 L Ed 2d 1149] and Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 [ 87 S Ct 1951, 18 L Ed 2d 1178]), so too the facts and circumstances of a photographic identification preceding the lineup cannot later be readily reconstructed.
I am persuaded, and this is the reason I write to state my separate views, that on principle photographic identification should be prohibited where the defendant is in custody unless the witness is physically incapacitated from going to a place where a lineup can be conducted. Compare Stovall v. Denno (1967), 388 U.S. 293 ( 87 S Ct 1967, 18 L Ed 2d 1199). The convenience of witnesses not so incapacitated and the convenience of police officers should be subordinated to the people's interest in avoiding misidentifications and miscarriages of justice based thereon. And in that rare situation where photographs may properly be displayed of an accused person already in custody, the accused person is entitled to be represented by counsel at the photographic identification stage for the reasons expressed in Wade and Gilbert.
In Simmons the United States Supreme Court noted that the felons there were unknown and at large at the time the photographs were shown to eyewitnesses (p 384):
"In the first place, it is not suggested that it was unnecessary for the FBI to resort to photographic identification in this instance. A serious felony had been committed. The perpetrators were still at large."
In Smith v. United States (CA DC, 1968), 413 F.2d 366, the majority of the United States Court of Appeals remanded for the taking of evidence on the issue whether a pretrial photographic identification of the defendant violated due process and, if so, whether it tainted the lineup and in-court identifications, and the making of such findings as may be appropriate, "using the criteria announced in Simmons * * * and applying the principles announced in [ Wade, Gilbert and Stovall] * * *. These criteria include (1) the necessity to use photographs for identification; (2) the number of photographs of different persons used in the identification procedure; and (3) the information or instructions, if any, given by the police to the identifying witness immediately prior to the identification." (Emphasis supplied.)
Generally when police display photographs they show photographs of a person with a criminal conviction record. An accusing finger pointed at a person with a prior conviction record by an eyewitness who has made a "positive" identification generally will bring about the accused person's conviction. His record will come out if he takes the stand and, generally, he cannot defend himself without taking the stand. The fate of such an accused person may well be decided months before the trial when, as occurred in this case, the police displayed, in circumstances which it is difficult if not impossible accurately to reconstruct, his photograph to the victim anxious to assist in solving the crime.
Pertinent are the observations of the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Wade, supra, pp 224, 235, 236:
"today's law enforcement machinery involves critical confrontations of the accused by the prosecution at pretrial proceedings where the results might well settle the accused's fate and reduce the trial itself to a mere formality. * * *
"The trial which might determine the accused's fate may well not be that in the courtroom but that at the pretrial confrontation, with the State aligned against the accused, the witness the sole jury, and the accused unprotected against the overreaching, intentional or unintentional, and with little or no effective appeal from the judgment there rendered by the witness — `that's the man.'"
The integrity of the lineup should not be jeopardized by pre-lineup photographic displays unless there is the kind of necessity which exists when the suspect is at large or unknown or, if in custody, the witness is physically incapacitated from attending a lineup. Wade's and Gilbert's holdings entitling an accused person to the assistance of counsel at the lineup would be undermined by a rule which would deny him assistance of counsel at a pre-lineup photographic display.
I have signed the opinion of the Court in this case and concur in the disposition of this case rather than dissent because the rules expressed in Wade and Gilbert are not effective as to confrontations which occurred at the time this defendant was accused ( Stovall v. Denno, supra), and also because it has been the police practice to conduct investigations even where the suspect is already in custody in the manner this investigation was conducted for so long that it would unduly impede the administration of justice to make effective without advance warning standards the violation of which could result in barring the use of the identifying witness's testimony. Compare Wright v. United States (1968), 131 App DC 279 ( 404 F.2d 1256); United States v. Wade, supra, p 242. It is our duty to improve the judicial process but in doing so we should proceed in an orderly manner.
The district attorney and public defender for Clark county, Nevada, have agreed upon a procedure for lineup identification which, among other things, requires presence at the lineup of a member of both the district attorney's and defender's office, the making of a lineup photograph, separation of eyewitnesses prior to the completion of the lineup and that "all efforts should be made to prevent a witness from viewing any photographs of the suspect prior to giving the lineup." 4 Crim L B (1968), 98, 99.
Compare United States v. Marson (CA 4, 1968), 408 F.2d 644, where a majority of the court concluded that a pre- Wade photographic identification of a defendant already in custody did not deny the defendant due process. The dissenting judge would have applied Wade's and Gilbert's principle to the case there at bar as a reward to the "diligence and astuteness of defendant's counsel [in advancing] a constitutional contention, not obvious on its face and not a single application of Wade and Gilbert." The dissenting judge observed (p 2280):
"I cannot read Wade and Gilbert to express considerations substantially less applicable to identification by the exhibition of photographs than to identification by exhibition of the person."
Generally, see Murray, The Criminal Lineup at Home and Abroad, Utah L Rev. p 610 (1966); and Wall, Eye Witness Identification in Criminal Cases.