Opinion
Docket No. 54660.
Decided June 23, 1982. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Timothy L. Cronin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Peter Jon Van Hoek, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
Before: CYNAR, P.J., and M.J. KELLY and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
The facts of this case are ably set forth in Judge RILEY'S dissenting opinion. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court's refusal to allow him to obtain civilian clothes requires reversal of his conviction. We disagree and affirm his conviction.
In Estelle v Williams, 425 U.S. 501; 96 S Ct 1691; 48 L Ed 2d 126 (1976), the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether a defendant's right to a fair trial was violated when he was tried in clothes which were distinctly marked as prison issue. Prior to trial, defendant asked a prison guard for civilian clothes, but his request was denied. At trial, the defendant did not object to being tried in prison clothing, and evidence taken at defendant's later habeas corpus hearing demonstrated that many defendants preferred to be tried in prison clothing. The Supreme Court ruled that trying a defendant in prison clothing, over defendant's objection, would violate defendant's right to a fair trial. Id., 505-506. However, the Supreme Court noted that defendant's failure to object would preclude him from raising the issue on appeal. Id., 512-513. The Supreme Court stated:
"Accordingly, although the State cannot, consistently with the Fourteenth Amendment, compel an accused to stand trial before a jury while dressed in identifiable prison clothes, the failure to make an objection to the court as to being tried in such clothes, for whatever reason, is sufficient to negate the presence of compulsion necessary to establish a constitutional violation." Id., 512-513.
The Michigan Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to be dressed in civilian clothes during his trial in People v Shaw, 381 Mich. 467, 475; 164 N.W.2d 7 (1969). The Court ruled, however, that the defendant failed to make a timely protest which waived his right to object on appeal. Id., 475.
In People v Woods, 32 Mich. App. 358; 188 N.W.2d 649 (1971), the defendant was tried in prison clothes which had the appearance of ordinary working clothes. Defendant failed to object to the clothing until after the jury was impaneled. On appeal, the Court affirmed his conviction, noting that the defendant's clothes resembled work clothes instead of a prison uniform. Id., 359.
In this case, defendant was imprisoned for ten months prior to trial. He made no request for civilian clothing until the jury voir dire was to begin. At that time, defense counsel moved for a continuance so that he could attempt to get civilian clothes for his client. At the time, defendant was dressed in a blue denim jail uniform which did not have any numbers or identifying marks. The court denied defendant's motion noting the security problem it posed and defendant's failure to assert his right prior to trial.
We are not convinced that the trial court erred. Defendant had ample time to acquire proper clothing but failed to assert his right. Furthermore, the clothes that he was tried in bore no resemblance to the prison uniform described in Estelle, supra. The clothes did not have any numbers or other identification printed on them and were similar to civilian work clothes. Defendant's claim of prejudice is not supported by any factual finding one way or the other below. The record is at best equivocal as to whether the jail outfit he was wearing was even identifiable. His counsel argued:
"I think that there may be jurors who are sophisticated enough to recognize that the clothes that Mr. Porter is wearing is [sic] not a doctor's uniform and may, in fact, feel that he is already locked up." That excerpt is extracted from the first trial day. The record does not indicate how defendant was dressed on the second and third days of the trial and therefore tends to dilute his claim of prejudice as, if he persisted in wearing the same outfit, it was presumably of his own volition.
No request was made for an evidentiary hearing on this specification of error, and there is simply no support for the conclusion urged that the jury was undoubtedly affected by its viewing of Mr. Porter in jail garb. In fact, on this record it is not even clear that the clothes worn by the defendant were identifiable as jail garb at all.
We agree with Judge RILEY'S resolution of the other issues raised by defendant and affirm his conviction.
Affirmed.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of armed robbery MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279, and possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424 (2). He was sentenced to terms from 40 to 60 years on the armed robbery conviction, 10 to 15 years for the assault conviction, and 2 years for the felony-firearm conviction.
Defendant was convicted of the shotgun robbery of a soul-food restaurant in Detroit, which took place on November 16, 1979. The following facts are put forth by the prosecution. The people claim defendant and an accomplice both used firearms to rob the restaurant. Defendant allegedly shot and wounded the proprietor, who then shot and wounded defendant. Defendant fled the scene of the crime and an emergency medical service unit took him to Detroit General Hospital where police arrested him.
At trial in this case, Larry Till, who was previously convicted for the robbery of the soul-food restaurant, testified that defendant was not with him during the commission of the crime. Till stated that his accomplice was Henry Jones who had fled to Mississippi. The jury deliberated for 40 minutes before returning the guilty verdicts.
Defendant's first contention is that he was denied due process of law when the trial court refused to allow him to obtain clothes, other than his jail uniform, or at least to investigate whether defendant could obtain regular clothing to wear at his trial. Defendant's right to a fair trial and the fundamental right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty are involved in this case.
At the beginning of trial, before jury voir dire began, defense counsel moved for a continuance in order to enable the defendant to obtain civilian clothing. (It should be noted that trial counsel was the third attorney of record for defendant.) The court did not grant the continuance, noting the security problem it posed at the county jail and that defendant knew, or should have known, that he had to arrange for his own civilian clothing before the trial date. The record does not indicate whether or not defendant appeared in the blue denim jail uniform on the second and third day of trial. The issued shirt and trousers have no numbers or identifying marks on them.
This state does not compel defendants to appear before a jury in jail clothes; to require them to do so would violate due process, Estelle v Williams, 425 U.S. 501; 96 S Ct 1691; 48 L Ed 2d 126 (1976). The issue presented here is whether a continuance must be granted when it is requested prior to jury voir dire. Other Michigan decisions have dealt with untimely objections to being tried in prison clothing. People v Shaw, 7 Mich. App. 187; 151 N.W.2d 381 (1967), aff'd 381 Mich. 467; 164 N.W.2d 7 (1969), and People v Reginald Harris, 80 Mich. App. 228; 263 N.W.2d 40 (1977), lv den 406 Mich. 860 (1979).
In Shaw, the defense counsel moved for a mistrial on the second day of trial on the basis that the jury had seen defendant in his jail uniform on both the first and second days of trial. "Defendant had the right to be dressed in civilian garb but there was a failure to make a timely protest of the denial of such right", the Supreme Court held. 381 Mich. 467, 475. The majority stated that "[u]nder ordinary circumstances, a court has no discretion as to a criminal defendant's attire", id., 474, and quoted with approval the then current 21 Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law, § 239, pp 275, 276: "It is improper to bring him [defendant] into the presence of the jury which is to try him, or the venire from which his trial jury will be drawn, clothed as a convict." The Shaw majority affirmed the Court of Appeals finding that the objection was not timely made. Justice T.M. KAVANAGH, dissenting in Shaw, argued that the defendant's substantive right to a fair and impartial jury trial was involved and not merely a procedural error which was waived by an untimely objection.
In Reginald Harris, supra, defendant argued that he was denied his right to a fair trial because he was tried in his prison uniform. The per curiam opinion states that defendant must object in a timely fashion and the "objection must be made before the jury is empaneled". 80 Mich. App. 228, 230.
The objection in this case was on the first day of trial proceedings before the potential jurors were brought into the courtroom. While the trial court's concern for jail security and delay are well taken, the defense request, coming before the impanelling of the jury, should have been granted. Therefore, I conclude, defendant's convictions should be reversed.
Additionally, defendant raised two issues which, in the context of this case, would not require reversal but do merit comment. Defendant argues that the court erred in its definition of the intent necessary for armed robbery. The court stated that armed robbery requires that a defendant have specific intent to deprive the complainant of the property taken. However, the court failed to instruct that the specific intent necessary must be to permanently deprive the complainant of the property. People v Harris, 82 Mich. App. 135, 137; 266 N.W.2d 477 (1978). Due to the facts of this case and a review of the instructions as a whole, I am convinced that no reversible error has occurred on this issue.
Defendant also objects to the prosecutor's characterization of defense witness Till as one with nothing to lose as a method of attacking his credibility. The prosecutor's characterization that Till had noting to lose and could not be hurt anymore on this crime, since he was already convicted, was not technically correct. Till's testimony could have been introduced against him if, on appeal, his conviction had been reversed and he had been retried. People v Thompson, 97 Mich. App. 319; 293 N.W.2d 812 (1980). In light of the facts of this case, I do not believe this mischaracterization would require reversal but, were the defendant to be retried, the prosecutor should not mischaracterize Till's position.
Therefore, I would reverse defendant's convictions.