Opinion
Docket No. 93990.
Decided June 7, 1988. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of the Criminal Division, Research, Training and Appeals, and Mary Sue Czarnecki, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Elizabeth L. Jacobs, for defendant.
Defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), at the conclusion of a bench trial in the Detroit Recorder's Court. He was thereafter sentenced to terms of imprisonment of from eight to fifteen years for the murder conviction and two years for the felony-firearm conviction. He now appeals the principal conviction and sentence as of right, and we affirm.
Defendant was convicted of second-degree murder for the apparent revenge killing of Dean Johnson. At the time of his death, Johnson was out on bond, awaiting trial for the murder of defendant's brother. Throughout trial, defendant maintained his innocence and claimed to have been misidentified as the murderer. In finding defendant guilty of the crime, the trial judge rejected that defense and instead believed a prosecution witness who positively identified defendant as the man who shot Johnson.
On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial judge failed to make sufficient findings of each element of second-degree murder. We disagree.
The elements of second-degree murder are (1) that a death occurred, (2) that it was caused by the defendant, (3) that the killing was done with malice, and (4) without justification or excuse. People v Smith, 148 Mich. App. 16, 21; 384 N.W.2d 68 (1985); CJI 16:3:01. Malice is the intention to kill, the intention to do great bodily harm, or the intention to create a high risk of death or great bodily harm with knowledge that such is the probable result. People v Dykhouse, 418 Mich. 488, 495; 345 N.W.2d 150 (1984); People v England, 164 Mich. App. 370, 376; 416 N.W.2d 425 (1987). This intent element must be established from circumstances which do not constitute excuse or justification or mitigate the degree of the offense to man-slaughter. People v Watts, 149 Mich. App. 502, 513-514; 386 N.W.2d 565 (1986), lv den 425 Mich. 885 (1986). Malice can be inferred from the facts and circumstances of the killing. Id.
As to the required specificity of factual findings at a bench trial, MCR 2.517(A)(1) provides:
In actions tried on the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court shall find the facts specially, state separately its conclusions of law, and direct entry of the appropriate judgment.
That rule applies equally to both criminal and civil cases. People v Jackson, 390 Mich. 621, 627; 212 N.W.2d 918 (1973); People v Robinson, 145 Mich. App. 562, 565; 378 N.W.2d 551 (1985). The purpose of making factual findings is to reveal the law applied by the factfinder. Jackson, supra, p 627. The sufficiency of factual findings cannot be judged on their face alone; the findings must be reviewed in the context of the specific legal and factual issues raised by the parties and the evidence. People v Melvin Davis, 146 Mich. App. 537, 549-550; 381 N.W.2d 759 (1985). The appropriate remedy for insufficient findings of fact is to remand the case for additional fact-finding. Jackson, supra, p 628; Melvin Davis, supra, p 549.
There is currently a split among panels of this Court regarding the degree of specificity necessary to satisfy MCR 2.517(A). In People v Davis, 126 Mich. App. 66, 70-71; 337 N.W.2d 315 (1983), it was held that the trial court must make specific findings of fact on each element of the charged offense. Numerous cases decided subsequent to Davis have declined to impose such a rigid standard. Instead, those cases have held that the court rule has been satisfied where it is manifest that the trial court was aware of the factual issues and correctly applied the law, and where appellate review would not be facilitated by requiring further explanation. People v Fair, 165 Mich. App. 294, 295-298; 418 N.W.2d 438 (1988); People v Eggleston, 149 Mich. App. 665, 671; 386 N.W.2d 637 (1986), lv den 425 Mich. 862 (1986); People v Robinson, supra, pp 565-566; People v Taylor, 133 Mich. App. 762, 766; 350 N.W.2d 318 (1984), rev'd and remanded on other grounds 422 Mich. 554, 568 (1985). See also Jackson, supra. For the reasons discussed in Fair and Taylor, we believe the latter cases express the better view on this issue.
We note that of the three judges who decided People v Davis, 126 Mich. App. 66; 337 N.W.2d 315 (1983) (Judges BURNS, MAHER and HOOD), two judges (Judges BURNS and HOOD) have repudiated the view expressed in Davis. See People v Taylor, 133 Mich. App. 762, 766, n 1; 350 N.W.2d 318 (1984), rev'd and remanded on other grounds 422 Mich. 554 (1985), and People v Eggleston, 149 Mich. App. 665, 672, n 1; 386 N.W.2d 637 (1986), lv den 425 Mich. 862 (1986).
In the instant case, the trial judge was beginning to explain his factual findings when he said:
The other elements have to do with the state of mind and the death and I will also deal with those shortly in more detail about the nature of the incident here.
Unfortunately, the judge never returned to those elements to make express findings on defendant's state of mind. Despite this, we do not believe a remand is necessary. There is sufficient information in the record to permit appellate review and to determine that the judge was aware of the facts and properly applied the law.
Defendant never asserted at trial that he did not have the requisite intent to support a conviction of second-degree murder. Rather, his sole defense was one of misidentification. Because the state of mind of Johnson's murderer was not directly placed in issue, defendant was not prejudiced by the judge's failure to expressly discuss it. Melvin Davis, supra, pp 549-550.
In any case, the record reveals that the judge was aware of the issue and properly applied the law in finding defendant guilty. The judge stated on the record:
To establish second degree murder the prosecution must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . Fourth, for second degree murder the trier of fact must find that the Defendant acted with a certain state of mind causing the death. The trier of fact must find the Defendant had one of the following states of mind, that the Defendant intended to kill the deceased Dean Johnson, or that the Defendant intended to do great bodily harm to the deceased Mr. Johnson. That the Defendant intended to create a very high risk of death or great bodily harm with knowledge that death or great bodily harm was the possible result of his act.
This is a sufficiently accurate summation of the law regarding the element of malice in second-degree murder cases. As to the factual circumstances of the case, the judge noted: "There is no allegation here or no determination shall I say to be made as to whether or not the matter was the result of justification, excuse or circumstances under which made the killing a lesser crime of manslaughter or some lesser included offense, primarily because of the nature of the defense that is raised." Furthermore, in discussing the testimony of the various witnesses, the judge pointed out that Johnson was shot three times from a relatively close distance and that defendant acted "in a bit of street justice to avenge the death of his brother." Implicit in these findings, we believe, is that defendant entertained a malicious intent to kill or cause great bodily harm to Johnson. Remand for additional fact-finding is, therefore, unnecessary.
Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in not resentencing him after it corrected an improperly scored sentencing guidelines variable. This argument is without merit.
At defendant's original sentencing, offense variable three of the sentencing information report (SIR) form was improperly scored, resulting in an inappropriately high offense severity level. Under the incorrect SIR, the recommended minimum sentence range for the murder offense was twelve years to life. In sentencing defendant, the judge indicated that the circumstances of the case required some degree of leniency and, for that reason, he would impose a sentence below the recommended guidelines range. Defendant was thereafter sentenced to eight to fifteen years of imprisonment for the murder conviction. Subsequently, the trial court was directed by order of this Court to conduct a hearing to determine whether the SIR was inaccurately scored. At that hearing, the court adjusted the scoring in accordance with defendant's wishes. This apparently resulted in a new recommended minimum sentence range of two to nine years. The court then noted that defendant's original sentence fell within that range and that it was not presented with any other reason for modifying the sentence. Therefore, it reaffirmed defendant's original sentence of eight to fifteen years.
On appeal, defendant claims that he was entitled to resentencing because the judge, after noting that the circumstances of the case demanded leniency, determined the leniency of the sentence using the inaccurate guidelines recommendation as the benchmark. We find no error.
The sentencing guidelines are simply a tool to assist the trial judge in the difficult task of imposing sentence. People v Terry James, 142 Mich. App. 19, 21; 368 N.W.2d 892 (1985). They do not grant any substantive rights to a defendant. People v Hearn, 159 Mich. App. 275, 286; 406 N.W.2d 211 (1987). Indeed, each sentence must be tailored to fit the particular defendant and the unique circumstances presented. Terry James, supra, p 21. This is precisely what the trial judge did in the case at bar. Defendant was sentenced to a minimum term of imprisonment of eight years based on the circumstances of the murder, and not merely because that period of time was four years less than the lowest figure in the recommended minimum sentence guidelines range set forth in the inaccurate SIR. Defendant is not necessarily entitled to be sentenced to a minimum term far shorter than the upper limit of his corrected minimum sentence guidelines range simply because the sentencing judge determined that the incorrect minimum range was too high.
Affirmed.
G.S. ALLEN, J., concurred.
I must respectfully dissent. The trial judge's findings of fact and conclusions of law do not comport with the unambiguous requirements of MCR 2.517(A)(1) and People v Jackson, 390 Mich. 621; 212 N.W.2d 918 (1973). Appellate courts are in a sorry position to second-guess a trial court's findings and conclusions where, as here, the deficiencies concern elements of the charged offense, as opposed to credibility issues and conflicts within the evidence. People v Davis, 126 Mich. App. 66, 70-71; 337 N.W.2d 315 (1983). I would remand the case for additional findings of fact pursuant to MCR 2.517(A)(1).