Summary
In Pennington, this Court recognized that Mapp v Ohio, 367 U.S. 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961), which mandated application of the Fourth Amendment and the federal exclusionary rule by state courts in cases in which evidence was obtained by state officers established the principle that the federal standard establishes minimum protection.
Summary of this case from People v. SmithOpinion
Calendar No. 13, Docket No. 52,516.
Decided July 11, 1970.
Appeal from Court of Appeals, Division 1, Holbrook, P.J., and McGregor and Bronson, JJ., affirming Wayne, Nathan J. Kaufman, J. Submitted May 7, 1970. (Calendar No. 13, Docket No. 52,516.) Decided July 11, 1970.
17 Mich. App. 398, reversed.
Lawrence J. Pennington was convicted of carrying a dangerous weapon in a motor vehicle. Defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals. Affirmed. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief of Appellate Department, and Angelo A. Pentolino, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Sidney Fershtman ( Stephen M. Taylor, of counsel), for defendant.
This is a search and seizure case involving the admissibility into evidence of the fruits thereof. Two questions are presented. First, was the search of defendant's automobile and seizure of a loaded revolver from its glove compartment violative of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and of Article 1, § 11, of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, guaranteeing security from unreasonable searches and seizures? Second, should that portion of Article 1, § 11, Michigan Constitution of 1963, expressly making the exclusionary rule in criminal proceedings inapplicable with respect to drugs and certain dangerous weapons unlawfully seized by a peace officer outside the curtilage of any dwelling house in this state, be held to be unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution as applied to state action by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution by reason of the decision of a majority of the United States Supreme Court in Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S. 643 ( 81 S Ct 1684, 6 L Ed 2d 1081, 84 ALR2d 933)?
Pertinent facts in this case follow: A private citizen saw defendant driving an automobile on Telegraph Road in Detroit in what he described as an erratic manner. He reported it at a State Police post. An officer answered the call, followed defendant's car and observed defendant driving in the manner as reported. The officer ordered defendant to the curb, found him to be intoxicated, and placed him under arrest for drunk driving. He took defendant's car keys, placed defendant in the police car and called a wrecker to tow defendant's automobile to a gas station across the street from the police post.
The officer took defendant into the post, interrogated him for approximately 15 minutes and turned him over to the custody of the desk officer. He then went to the gas station and searched defendant's car without defendant's consent and without a search warrant. He entered the car, found the glove compartment locked, and opened it with a key taken from defendant. In the glove compartment he found a partly filled bottle containing some whiskey and a loaded revolver. These he took. He then returned to the post and informed defendant that he was under arrest for carrying a concealed weapon. Soon thereafter defendant was charged with carrying a dangerous weapon in a motor vehicle contrary to MCLA § 750.227 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.424).
On trial the people offered the bottle containing whiskey and the revolver and bullets found in it into evidence. The trial court ruled the search and seizure unlawful and excluded the bottle of whiskey for that reason, but received the revolver and bullets because of the provision in Michigan Constitution of 1963, Article 1, § 11, forbidding the barring of the gun and bullets, for that reason, from evidence. Defendant was found guilty of carrying a dangerous weapon in a motor vehicle contrary to the said statute.
Defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals. It affirmed for the expressed reason that this Court had not yet determined the anti-exclusionary provision of Article 1, § 11, to be unconstitutional under the United States Constitution despite the holding in Mapp v. Ohio, supra. The case is now here on leave granted to defendant to appeal.
Considering now the first question — were the search and seizure lawful? While differences in the facts between this case and those about to be considered are pointed out by the people, such as length of time between the arrest and the search, we do not deem those differences to be decisive or controlling, so as to require a different result, and, hence, think that under our decision in People v. Carr (1963), 370 Mich. 251, and the decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Preston v. United States (1964), 376 U.S. 364 ( 84 S Ct 881, 11 L Ed 2d 777), and Dyke v. Taylor Implement Manufacturing Co., Inc. (1968), 391 U.S. 216 ( 88 S Ct 1472, 20 L Ed 2d 538), it must be held that the search and seizure in the instant case were too remote in time or place to be incidental to the arrest which was made for driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, as to which offense the search and seizure and fruits thereof could have had no reasonable relationship whatsoever. The reason for the arrest gave no cause for the search of the automobile after defendant was already in custody. We are satisfied with the trial court's finding that the search and seizure were unlawful. Defendant says the trial court erred, after finding the search and seizure unlawful, in receiving the revolver and bullets into evidence. This he did under the anti-exclusionary provision of Article 1, § 11, Michigan Constitution of 1963, reading as follows:
"The provisions of this section [prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures] shall not be construed to bar from evidence in any criminal proceeding any narcotic drug, firearm, bomb, explosive or any other dangerous weapon, seized by a peace officer outside the curtilage of any dwelling house in this state."
This brings us to the second question in this case: Is that provision of the Michigan Constitution unconstitutional under the federal Constitution?
Going back to the doctrine of Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 ( 34 S Ct 341, 58 L Ed 652), decided in 1914, evidence secured in violation of the Fourth Amendment was inadmissible in federal courts. In Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 ( 69 S Ct 1359, 93 L Ed 1782), decided in 1949, the United States Supreme Court held that such exclusionary rule was not, by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, made applicable to a prosecution in a state court for a state crime. That holding in Wolf was overruled in Mapp v. Ohio, supra, decided in 1961. The court then held that evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the Federal Constitution is inadmissible in a criminal trial in a state court by reason of the provisions of that and the Fourteenth Amendment. The court said:
"Since the Fourth Amendment's right of privacy has been declared enforceable against the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth, it is enforceable against them by the same sanction of exclusion as is used against the federal government. Were it otherwise, then just as without the Weeks rule the assurance against unreasonable federal searches and seizures would be `a form of words,' valueless and undeserving of mention in a perpetual charter of inestimable human liberties, so too, without that rule the freedom from state invasions of privacy would be so ephemeral and so neatly severed from its conceptual nexus with the freedom from all brutish means of coercing evidence as not to merit this court's high regard as a freedom `implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.'"
In Malloy v. Hogan (1964), 378 U.S. 1 ( 84 S Ct 1489, 12 L Ed 2d 653), the United States Supreme Court said:
"* * * the prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures of the Fourth Amendment * * * are * * * to be enforced against the states under the Fourteenth Amendment according to the same standards that protect those personal rights against federal encroachment."
Article VI, clause 2, of the United States Constitution provides:
"This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; * * * shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding."
Where a conflict between the Federal and a state constitution exists, the Supremacy Clause controls. Reynolds v. Sims (1964), 377 U.S. 533 ( 84 S Ct 1362, 12 L Ed 2d 506).
It is said that what a majority of the electorate of Michigan, voting at elections in 1936, 1952, and again in 1963, have incorporated into the Constitution of Michigan governing a rule of evidence in criminal proceedings in the courts of this state ought not to be susceptible of being stricken down by five men on the Potomac, never elected to their office nor directly responsible to the people. In his opinion in People v. Blessing (1966), 378 Mich. 51, 69, Justice BLACK, of this Court, wrote that the United States Supreme Court, on successive bids of Winkle (reference was to Winkle v. Bannan, 368 U.S. 34 [ 82 S Ct 146, 7 L Ed 2d 91], Winkle v. Bannan, 379 U.S. 645 [ 85 S Ct 611, 13 L Ed 2d 551], rehearing denied 380 U.S. 967 [ 85 S Ct 1102, 14 L Ed 2d 157]) had had opportunities to strike down the anti-exclusionary provision of the Michigan Constitution, utilizing the previously decided Mapp decision, but that it had not yet done so. Justice BLACK went on to write that he had no disposition, in that connection, to "`attempt to outrun the Supreme Court of the United States.'" This writer, in People v. Simon (1949), 324 Mich. 450, wrote:
"In consideration of federal constitutional questions we are bound by what a majority of that court [United States Supreme Court] has heretofore held, not by speculations as to what it may do in the future. In that connection, our views are perhaps best expressed by the words of Mr. Justice Holmes in Baldwin v. Missouri (1930), 281 U.S. 586 ( 50 S Ct 436, 74 L Ed 1056, 72 ALR 1303), as follows:
"`I have not yet adequately expressed the more than anxiety that I feel at the ever increasing scope given to the Fourteenth Amendment in cutting down what I believe to be the constitutional rights of the states. As the decisions now stand, I see hardly any limit but the sky to the invalidating of those rights if they happen to strike a majority of this court as for any reason undesirable. I cannot believe that the Amendment was intended to give us carte blanche to embody our economic or moral beliefs in its prohibitions.'"
He went on to say that the decision from which he dissented would, he supposed, require many previous cases to join Blackstone v. Miller on the Index Expurgatorius. So, too, here as to Wolf and others.
We share the anxiety expressed by Mr. Justice Holmes in Baldwin, as above quoted. Little could he have thought, however, that in 40 short years the limit of the sky would have been so foreshortened that astronauts would be setting foot on the moon and judicial activists would perhaps go to even further reaches to put under foot precedents making constitutional interpretations. Now the matter of avoiding an attempt to anticipate United States Supreme Court decisions or to outrun it, is not as secure a ground for this Court to stand upon as it was in Winkle and in Simon in upholding the validity of Michigan procedure or rules. Defendants failing to obtain an adjudication here of the unconstitutionality of the Michigan Constitution under the Federal Constitution follow such failures in this Court by applications for habeas corpus proceedings in the Federal courts. In Winkle v. Kropp (1968), 279 F. Supp. 532, the United States District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, in a habeas corpus proceeding, held the Michigan constitutional provision here considered to be unconstitutional under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and that the unlawfully obtained evidence therein received should have been excluded under the decision in Mapp. In Lucas v. State of Michigan (1970), 420 F.2d 259, the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held the same as the District Court had held in Winkle, as just above stated, and further said that in view of the futility of seeking relief here, the accused need not first exhaust his state remedies before going to Federal courts. It avails little, then, to postpone decision in this Court until the United States Supreme Court first has come to grips, as it has twice declined to do, with the Michigan constitutional provision here involved. It is not hard to read the handwriting on the wall, by whatever hand it may have been written.
Judgment reversed by United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, in 403 F.2d 661, solely on ground that it was error to apply Mapp retrospectively under Linkletter v. Walker (1965), 381 U.S. 618 ( 85 S Ct 1731, 14 L Ed 2d 601).
We hold that the revolver and bullets were obtained by an illegal search and seizure and that the court erred in receiving them into evidence because the anti-exclusionary provision of Article 1, § 11, Michigan Constitution of 1963, cannot, under Federal decisions, stand against the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and the decision in Mapp.
Reversed and remanded for new trial in accordance herewith.
T.E. BRENNAN, C.J., and BLACK, T.M. KAVANAGH and T.G. KAVANAGH, JJ., concurred with DETHMERS, J.
Review of the recent interposition of Lucas v. Michigan (CA 6, 1970) 420 F.2d 259 leaves no doubt that the United States Supreme Court will not bother to test, as against Mapp's rule ( 367 U.S. 643 [ 81 S Ct 1684, 6 L Ed 2d 1081, 84 ALR2d 933]), the validity of the concluding sentence of § 11 of Article 1 of our State Constitution. I now have no doubt that, as we attempt to apply what some of us think is a valid exercise of the powers which, by the Tenth Amendment, are supposedly reserved to the people, just so fast will the subordinate courts of the Federal system — prodded by Mapp — utilize habeas corpus to defeat that exercise.
I yield from the position taken in People v. Blessing (1966), 378 Mich. 51, 68-71. In token thereof my signature will appear as an endorser of Justice DETHMERS' opinion.
Again I repeat what I stated in In re Winkle (1964), 372 Mich. 292, 294-325, and in People v. Blessing (1966), 378 Mich. 51, 56-67; namely, that Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S. 643 ( 81 S Ct 1684, 6 L Ed 2d 1081, 84 ALR2d 933), is not controlling, and hold that the trial court and Court of Appeals should be affirmed.
People v. Pennington (1969), 17 Mich. App. 398. Appeal granted (1970), 383 Mich. 771.
ADAMS, J., concurred with KELLY, J.