Summary
In People v Parker, 84 Mich. App. 447, 453; 269 N.W.2d 635 (1978), a panel of this Court concluded that a person can waive his right to counsel, subsequent to invoking it, without an attorney.
Summary of this case from People v. YoungOpinion
Docket No. 31252.
Decided July 5, 1978. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, David H. Sawyer, Prosecuting Attorney, and Donald A. Johnston III, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people. Loeks, Buth, Wood Weidaw, for defendant on appeal.
Before: M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., and BRONSON and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
Defendant was convicted on July 12, 1976, after a bench trial, of kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581, second-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520c(1)(a); MSA 28.788(3)(1)(a), and assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279. He appeals of right.
We reverse all three convictions, holding that a confession introduced at trial was obtained in violation of Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
In early December, 1975, defendant appeared at the Wyoming, Michigan Police Department and attempted to turn over some marijuana and drug paraphernalia. No arrest was made. A few days later, defendant attempted suicide by taking a drug overdose. After emergency treatment, he was transferred to a mental institution. While at the institution, defendant began to discuss his criminal sexual involvement with a young child in conversations with hospital staff. Someone at the hospital informed the Wyoming police of these admissions. The police obtained a warrant and arrested defendant upon his release on a marijuana charge, based on defendant's attempt to turn over the drug to police prior to his hospitalization. Officer Cline of the Wyoming Police Department admitted that at the time of defendant's arrest on the marijuana charge, the information received from the hospital had caused him to focus upon defend as the prime suspect in the 1975 kidnapping, sexual assault and stabbing of a five-year-old girl.
The record does not discloe who released the information.
Defendant was taken to the Wyoming police station. Officer Cline testified that he then asked defendant to sign a Miranda rights waiver form:
"Q. Did he sign this?
"A. No, sir, he did not.
"Q. Do you know why he did not, or did he indicate why?
"A. He advised me at that time that he would rather talk to an attorney before talking to me about it."
No attorney was ever furnished. Different versions of what happened next were presented by defendant and Officer Cline. Defendant testified that immediately after he requested an attorney, Officer Cline began to interrogate him, stating that he had a good idea that the defendant had something on his mind, and suggesting that he could insure that defendant would get the psychiatric treatment he desired if he confessed. Officer Cline testified that he first "processed" defendant on the marijuana charge and then the two engaged in "general conversation" for about an hour. Cline testified that defendant initiated the idea of treatment at a forensic center and confessed after Cline had indicated that treatment could be obtained.
There is no dispute that about 1-1/2 hours after defendant had asked for an attorney, he waived his rights and confessed. An hour after that he again waived his rights and confessed on video tape.
After a pretrial Walker hearing, the trial judge held the confession admissible, relying on Michigan v Mosley, 423 U.S. 96; 96 S Ct 321; 46 L Ed 2d 313 (1975), although he expressed doubts about the applicability of that case.
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich. 331; 132 N.W.2d 87 (1965).
As stated in Mosley, the procedure to be followed after an accused requests counsel is detailed in Miranda:
"`If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning. If the individual cannot obtain an attorney and he indicates that he wants one before speaking to police, they must respect his decision to remain silent.
"`This does not mean, as some have suggested, that each police station must have a "station house lawyer" present at all times to advise prisoners. It does mean, however, that if police propose to interrogate a person they must make known to him that he is entitled to a lawyer and that if he cannot afford one, a lawyer will be provided for him prior to any interrogation. If authorities conclude that they will not provide counsel during a reasonable period of time in which investigation in the field is carried out, they may refrain from doing so without violating the person's Fifth Amendment privilege so long as they do not question him during that time.'" Michigan v Mosley, supra, at 101, n 7, quoting Miranda v Arizona, supra, at 474.
See People v McGillen #1, 392 Mich. 251; 220 N.W.2d 677 (1974), People v Brannan, 64 Mich. App. 374; 236 N.W.2d 80, lv granted, 395 Mich. 812 (1975), People v Lewis, 47 Mich. App. 450; 209 N.W.2d 450 (1973).
The difficult question presented in this case is whether a suspect who has asserted his right to counsel may later waive that right without having spoken to a lawyer. The courts which have considered this issue have reached different results.
The weight of authority holds that a subsequent waiver of a once-invoked right to counsel may be valid in certain circumstances. See, e.g., United States v Rodriguez-Gastelum, 569 F.2d 482 (CA 9, 1978), United States v Massey, 550 F.2d 300 (CA 5, 1977), United States v Pheaster, 544 F.2d 353 (CA 9, 1976), United States v Womack, 542 F.2d 1047 (CA 9, 1976), United States v Cavallino, 498 F.2d 1200 (CA 5, 1974), United States v Lewis, 425 F. Supp. 1166 (D Conn, 1977), People v Sparks, 82 Mich. App. 44; 266 N.W.2d 661 (1978). These cases generally rely on language in Miranda permitting waiver of rights and Michigan v Mosley, supra, which allowed a subsequent waiver of the right to remain silent. While we find that Mosley expressly did not decide the issue in the case at bar, the rationale of Mosley militates against application of a per se exclusionary rule:
"If the interrogation continues without the presence of an attorney and a statement is taken, a heavy burden rests on the government to demonstrate that the defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his privilege against self-incrimination and his right to retained or appointed counsel." 384 US at 475.
Mosley expressly distinguished the two issues, limiting its holding to the right to remain silent. 423 US at 101, n 7, 104, n 10.
"[A] blanket prohibition against the taking of voluntary statements or a permanent immunity from further interrogation, regardless of the circumstances, would transform the Miranda safeguards into wholly irrational obstacles to legitimate police investigative activity, and deprive suspects of an opportunity to make informed and intelligent assessments of their interests." Michigan v Mosley, supra, at 102.
We hold that a person who has invoked his right to counsel may later waive that right without an attorney.
While we reject a per se rule in this case, we do recognize differences between a suspect's assertion of a right to remain silent and his assertion of a right to counsel. A waiver made after assertion of a right to counsel should be viewed with skepticism; once an individual decides that he is incapable of communicating with authorities absent counsel, we should be very suspicious of a later, counselless waiver. See Michigan v Mosley, supra (White, J., concurring).
Justice White commented:
"[T]he reasons to keep the lines of communication between the authorities and the accused open when the accused has chosen to make his own decisions are not present when he indicates instead that he wishes legal advice with respect thereto. The authorities may then communicate with him through an attorney. More to the point, the accused having expressed his own view that he is not competent to deal with the authorities without legal advice, a later decision at the authorities' insistence to make a statement without counsel's presence may properly be viewed with skepticism." 423 US at 110, n 2.
In light of this difference, a more careful scrutiny of the suspect's waiver is required than for a waiver made prior to the assertion of right to counsel or after assertion of the right to remain silent. United States v Cavallino, supra, United States v Lewis, supra. In particular, police should not be allowed to ignore a suspect's request for a lawyer; interrogation must cease until, at the least, a reasonable opportunity to obtain counsel has been afforded. The normal heavy burden which the prosecution bears in proving the validity of a waiver should be of a very high standard where waiver of a previously invoked right to counsel is involved.
In the case at bar, the prosecution has not borne its very heavy burden of proving a valid waiver. Even accepting Officer Cline's version of the facts as true, there was less than a half-hour break in questioning after defendant requested a lawyer. Officer Cline was aware that defendant had been experiencing emotional and drug problems and had just been released from an institution. Finally, defendant testified that there was no break in interrogation at all.
Although Officer Cline denied "interrogating" defendant, it appears that the "general conversation" was designed to elicit a confession. See Brewer v Williams, 430 U.S. 387; 97 S Ct 1232; 51 L Ed 2d 424 (1977).
We are left with a "definite and firm conviction" that the trial court erred in holding the confession admissible. See People v McGillen, #1, supra. The prosecution failed to carry its very heavy burden of proof that defendant validly waived his right to counsel.
We also hold that the admission of defendant's confession at trial cannot be deemed harmless error.
In view of our disposition of this case, we need not address the other issues raised by defendant.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., concurred.
Since the only error alleged is in connection with the admission of defendant's confession, we examine the entire record and independently determine voluntariness. People v Robinson, 386 Mich. 551, 557; 194 N.W.2d 709 (1972); we reverse where we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was committed. People v McGillen, #1, 392 Mich. 251, 257; 220 N.W.2d 677 (1974). See People v Sparks, 82 Mich. App. 44; 266 N.W.2d 661 (1978). On the record presented I am not left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was committed, and, therefore, dissent.
The trial court resolved the conflict of testimony between defendant and Officer Cline, noted by the majority, in favor of the testimony given by Officer Cline. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, when confronted with a similar Miranda issue, noted:
"The trial court, which had the advantage of observing the witnesses and their demeanor, implicitly found that the investigating officer had acted in good faith, without guile or subterfuge, in conducting this inquiry, and such a finding is not to be lightly disturbed." United States v Grant, 549 F.2d 942, 947 (CA 4, 1977). See also United States v Pheaster, 544 F.2d 353, 364 (CA 9, 1976), cert den, 429 U.S. 1099; 97 S Ct 1118; 51 L Ed 2d 546 (1976), United States v Charlton, 565 F.2d 86, 89 (CA 6, 1977).
I recognize that there are conflicting theories among the courts which have ruled upon the validity of a waiver of counsel after the suspect has made a request to be represented by counsel. One line of cases holds that a subsequent waiver without the presence of counsel is involuntary per se, while the prevailing view maintains that a subsequent waiver could be voluntary depending on the facts of the individual case. See Nash v Estelle, 560 F.2d 652, 655 (CA 5, 1977), United States v Charlton, supra. See also Biddy v Diamond, 516 F.2d 118, 122 (CA 5, 1975), United States v Womack, 542 F.2d 1047, 1050 (CA 9, 1976), State v Greene, 91 N.M. 207; 572 P.2d 935 (1977).
Where a suspect requests counsel during questioning, and the police ignore that request and continue the interrogation, a finding of a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel is impossible. Nash v Estelle, supra, at 656. If, however, the police terminate the interrogation, subsequent circumstances may provide a basis for a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel. Id. Another panel of this Court has recently stated:
"We therefore hold that, when a person asserts his right to counsel, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present, or, after the lapse of a significant period of time, the person knowingly and intelligently waives his counsel right. See, e.g., United States v Pheaster, 544 F.2d 353, 367-368 (CA 9, 1976)." People v Sparks, supra, at 49-50. (Emphasis added.)
The facts of the instant case are unusual, and whether or not there was a lapse of a significant period of time between defendant's request for counsel and his eventual waiver is not relevant to the disposition of the Miranda issue. Here we are dealing with a defendant who prior to his request for an attorney was advised that he was under arrest for possession of marijuana. Nothing in the record indicates that defendant was advised that he was a suspect for the instant crimes. After defendant requested an attorney, having been advised of his rights under the marijuana charge, the record establishes that there was absolutely no interrogation about the marijuana charge. Furthermore, a review of the testimony of both defendant and the interrogating officer reveals that there was no interrogation or reference made about the instant crimes prior to defendant's waiver of counsel and subsequent confession. The court in United States v Grant, supra, at 946, noted:
"It does not follow, though, that Miranda erects an absolute per se bar on any conversation with the accused by the investigating officers after the former has requested counsel. It only inhibits investigative interrogation related to the specific crime itself."
The reasoning of the Grant court is applicable in the present circumstances. Even though the interrogating officer had focused on the defendant as a prime suspect in the instant crimes, he had not related that information to the defendant. The defendant was unaware of the fact that he was focused on in the instant crimes, but voluntarily made a statement confessing to them. Officer Cline asserted that defendant did so only after a subsequent waiver of the right to counsel, after again being read his Miranda rights. Defendant denies that the officer read the rights again prior to the initial confession. There was no investigative interrogation expressly inquiring into defendant's involvement in the instant crimes.
Finally, my opinion is bolstered from the following passage in United States v Pheaster, supra, at 368, which involved a much closer Miranda question than the one present here. The court found a proper waiver of counsel based upon the following reasoning:
"Our examination of the record in this case has revealed that the decision regarding waiver was a close one; yet, on balance, we believe that the district court was correct in deciding that the Government had met its `heavy burden' in establishing Pheaster's waiver. Because it was not possible for the F.B.I. agents who arrested Pheaster to provide him with an attorney at the moment that he demanded one, the key question is whether the failure of the agents to sit mute during the ride to county jail, where an attorney could be provided, mandates the exclusion of Pheaster's statements. On the particular facts of this case, we are convinced that such exclusion was not mandated. This conclusion would have been significantly easier had there been an express waiver of rights but the absence of such a waiver is not determinative, for this Court has held that in appropriate circumstances a waiver of Miranda rights can be implied rather than express. United States v. Hilliker, 436 F.2d 101, 103 (9 Cir.), cert denied, 401 U.S. 958; 91 S.Ct. 987; 28 L.Ed.2d 242 (1971); see also United States v. Vigo, 487 F.2d 295, 299 (2 Cir. 1973) (statement after defective Miranda warning held to be volunteered). Although this question is not specifically addressed in Mosley, the recitation of the facts indicates an implied, rather than an express, waiver by Mosley. 423 U.S. at 104, 96 S.Ct. 321 [ 46 L Ed 2d 313 (1975)]. We think that this is a case in which waiver can be implied. It is critical to focus on the fact that Pheaster agreed to cooperate with the agents after he had been in the car for only fifteen to twenty minutes — a point not challenged in his brief. Thus, although he was in the car for a longer period, his cooperation was not the result of lengthy incommunicado detention. This is not a case in which there was an intentional delay in providing an attorney in the hope that the suspect would yield to pressure and recant his demand for an attorney. It is also important to note that Pheaster's statements came as a result of an objective, undistorted presentation of the extensive evidence against him, particularly the positive identification of his fingerprint on the ninth note. As in Hodge [ 487 F.2d 945 (CA 5, 1973)] and Davis [ 527 F.2d 1110 (CA 9, 1975)], the questioning did not really begin until Pheaster had clearly indicated his willingness to cooperate. Finally Pheaster was reminded early in the evening that he did not have to talk to the agents but he continued to talk because of his expressed desire to help them find Larry Adell. Under all the circumstances of this case, we conclude that waiver of the Miranda rights, including the earlier demand to see an attorney, was properly found." (Footnote omitted.)
The preceding last quoted sentence reflects my disposition of this case. I find a valid waiver.
I would affirm.