Summary
In People v Ortiz, 249 Mich.App. 297, 310; 642 N.W.2d 417 (2001), this Court determined that statements regarding the victim's plans to end their marriage and the tension between the victim and the defendant, as well as statements regarding the victim's fear of defendant were admissible pursuant to MRE 803(3).
Summary of this case from People v. ColeOpinion
No. 224331.
Submitted November 6, 2001, at Lansing.
Decided November 30, 2001. Approved for publication January 18, 2002, at 9:20 a.m. Updated March 29, 2002.
Appeal from Jackson Circuit Court, LC No. 99-092367-FC.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, John G. McBain, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jerrold Schrotenboer, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Martin J. Beres, for the defendant on appeal.
Before: Fitzgerald, P.J., and Hoekstra and Markey, JJ.
Defendant was convicted of first-degree, premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), for the murder of his ex-wife, Jennifer Ortiz. The trial court sentenced him to mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm.
I
Defendant first argues that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction. We disagree. We "view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt." People v Hoffman, 225 Mich. App. 103, 111; 570 N.W.2d 146 (1997), citing People v Wolfe, 440 Mich. 508, 515; 489 N.W.2d 748 (1992), amended 441 Mich. 1201 (1992). All conflicts with regard to the evidence are resolved in favor of the prosecution. People v Terry, 224 Mich. App. 447, 452; 569 N.W.2d 641 (1997). Further, we will not interfere with the jury's role of determining the weight of the evidence or the credibility of witnesses. Wolfe, supra; Terry, supra.
In order to convict defendant of first-degree, premeditated murder, the prosecution was required to prove that defendant intentionally killed the victim and that the act of killing was premeditated and deliberate. People v Kelly, 231 Mich. App. 627, 642; 588 N.W.2d 480 (1998). "The elements of premeditation and deliberation may be inferred from circumstances surrounding the killing." Id. Minimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient to prove an actor's state of mind. People v Bowers, 136 Mich. App. 284, 297; 356 N.W.2d 618 (1984). See also People v Plummer, 229 Mich. App. 293, 300-302; 581 N.W.2d 753 (1998).
The evidence in this case, viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to support the determination that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. There was evidence supporting an inference that the victim was intentionally killed. There was testimony that the victim died of asphyxiation by smothering or chest compression, and that her death was a homicide. The fact that the victim did not have her contact lenses or glasses with her at the time of her death negated the suggestion that she intentionally drove away from her home on the evening of her death. Further, there was evidence that she had ingested Gamma Hydroxybutrate (GHB) and had several wounds on her body, which she did not have when her guests left her cookout before 11:00 p.m.
There was also evidence tying defendant directly to the victim on the night of the victim's death. The jury could have found from the evidence that defendant purchased the gallon of milk that was found in the back of the victim's automobile. The store clerk at Speedway identified defendant as buying the milk after 11:00 p.m. on July 11, 1998. A detective conducted an extensive search for another source of the Melody Farms gallon of whole milk and could not find any other source. The Speedway was more than twenty miles away from the victim's home. An automobile similar to defendant's was observed after midnight, speeding down a street by the victim's house. More importantly, fresh seminal fluid containing defendant's DNA was found on the victim's clothing. Further, defendant's sandals, which he wore on July 11, 1998, were found in the victim's bedroom. They were not in the bedroom before the victim's guests left her cookout on that night. This evidence was sufficient evidence from which to conclude that defendant was responsible for the murder and staged an "accident."
Finally, there was sufficient evidence that the victim's death was premeditated by defendant. The victim told at least two witnesses that defendant had threatened to kill her in such a manner that he would not get caught. More importantly, defendant's former cellmate testified that defendant talked about killing the victim and made statements about how he could do so. It is a well-settled principle that "[i]n reviewing a sufficiency argument, this Court must not interfere with the jury's role of determining the weight of the evidence or the credibility of witnesses." People v Stiller, 242 Mich. App. 38, 42; 617 N.W.2d 697 (2000). The jury could have found the testimony credible, and we will not interfere with that determination. Further, the circumstances of the crime itself support premeditation. The "accident" was carefully staged to make it appear that the victim ran out of milk, went to buy some, and drove off the road. Further, defendant and the victim had a tumultuous relationship that ended in divorce. He was irritated that she received the home in the divorce settlement. Premeditation and deliberation were properly inferred from the facts.
II
Defendant next argues that the admission of evidence of his sexual misconduct with two women was improperly admitted pursuant to MRE 404(b). We disagree.
We first note that defendant makes an incorrect legal argument that the test set out in People v Golochowicz, 413 Mich. 298, 309; 319 N.W.2d 518 (1982), should have been followed in this case. The Golochowicz test is utilized where other acts evidence is offered to show identification through modus operandi. People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 66-67; 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993), amended 445 Mich. 1205 (1994). The case at hand is not a case where the prosecutor sought to identify defendant through the use of similar acts evidence that shows a specific modus operandi. The analysis does not apply.
MRE 404(b) provides:
(1) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the case.
In VanderVliet, supra at 55, the Court clarified the test to be utilized to determine the admissibility of other bad acts evidence:
First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the jury.
In People v Crawford, 458 Mich. 376, 385; 582 N.W.2d 785 (1998), the Court addressed the test set forth in VanderVliet and stated:
Under this formulation, the prosecution bears the initial burden of establishing relevance of the evidence to prove a fact within one of the exceptions to the general exclusionary rule of MRE 404(b). Where the only relevance is to character or the defendant's propensity to commit the crime, the evidence must be excluded. Where, however, the evidence also tends to prove some fact other than character, admissibility depends on whether its probative value outweighs its prejudicial effect, taking into account the efficacy of a limiting instruction in cushioning the prejudicial effect of the evidence.
The prosecution must also demonstrate that the evidence is relevant. Crawford, supra at 387-388.
Relevance is a relationship between the evidence and a material fact at issue that must be demonstrated by reasonable inferences that make a material fact at issue more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. . . . The logical relationship between the proffered evidence and the ultimate fact sought to be proven must be closely scrutinized. [ Id. (citation omitted).]
In addition, the offered evidence "truly must be probative of something other than the defendant's propensity to commit the crime." Id. at 390 (emphasis in original). "If the prosecutor fails to weave a logical thread linking the prior act to the ultimate inference, the evidence must be excluded." Id.
Here, the prosecutor offered the evidence for a proper purpose and the evidence was logically relevant to the case. A proper purpose is a noncharacter purpose, one that does not risk impermissible inferences of character to conduct. People v Starr, 457 Mich. 490, 496; 577 N.W.2d 673 (1998). The list of proper purposes articulated in MRE 404(b) is not exclusive. Id. In this case, the prosecutor argued that the other bad acts evidence was relevant to support the prosecutor's argument that defendant had a modus operandi or pattern of sexually forcing himself on women, that the victim knew of defendant's propensities and, therefore, was afraid of him, and, thus, she would not have agreed to have consensual sexual relations with him, a point that was very important in the case. In People v Knapp, 244 Mich. App. 361, 380; 624 N.W.2d 227 (2001), this Court indicated that other bad acts evidence may be relevant to rebut a defendant's theory with regard to the case against him. Although inarticulate, the trial court recognized that the evidence was relevant to rebut the defendant's theory of consensual sexual relations. The evidence was offered for a purpose other than to simply establish defendant's bad character or to argue his propensity to commit crime.
The evidence was also logically relevant. If defendant's DNA was on the victim's clothing for legitimate reasons, the direct evidence tying defendant to the victim on the night of the crime was less probative. Further, the evidence was logically relevant to support that defendant had a motive and opportunity to kill the victim. The victim's divorce attorney testified that the victim refused to discuss reconciling with defendant because of his sexual deviance. Further, defendant's actions with regard to one of the other women landed him in jail in November 1997, shortly after the victim filed for divorce. Defendant was not released from tether until ten days before the victim's death. Thus, the one criminal sexual assault explained the opportunity issue to the jury, i.e., why, if defendant wanted to kill the victim, he did not do so earlier. The evidence had relevance "distinct from the impermissible character inference," Crawford, supra at 397.
The probative value of the evidence was also not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Evidence is unfairly prejudicial when there exists a danger that marginally probative evidence will be given undue or preemptive weight by the jury. In the context of prior bad acts, that danger is prevalent. When a juror learns that a defendant has previously committed the same crime as that for which he is on trial, the risk is severe that the juror will use the evidence precisely for the purpose that it may not be considered, that is, as suggesting that the defendant is a bad person, a convicted criminal, and that if he "did it before he probably did it again." Because prior acts evidence carries with it a high risk of confusion and misuse, there is a heightened need for the careful application of the principles set forth in MRE 403. [ Crawford, supra at 398 (citation omitted).]
The issue whether the seminal fluid found on the victim's blouse was deposited there by defendant during consensual relations or otherwise was of significant importance. There was minimal danger that the jury would make the impermissible inference that because defendant previously had improperly grabbed two women, he must have killed his ex-wife. The crime for which defendant was on trial was not the same as his previous crimes. This greatly lessened the danger that the jury would conclude that "if he did it before, he probably did it again."
III
Defendant next argues that the trial court improperly admitted numerous statements made by the victim before her death. We disagree.
The prosecution moved to admit statements made by the victim, including statements that the victim was afraid of defendant, that she thought defendant was stalking her, that defendant physically assaulted her, that defendant threatened to kill her, that defendant threatened to kill her in such a manner that no one would find out that he did it, that defendant warned the victim that her life was like the O.J. Simpson story, that the victim was changing her will, that the victim anticipated her death, that the victim was going to try to enforce the child support order, that the victim did not want to get back together with defendant, that the victim made arrangements to be away from home on the weekend of July 4, 1998, specifically because she did not want to be around when defendant came to her home to pick up his Grand Am, and that after defendant broke into her house in October 1998, she changed the locks. The trial court ruled that the statements were admissible under MRE 803(3), the state of mind exception to the hearsay rule.
In People v King, 215 Mich. App. 301, 309; 544 N.W.2d 765 (1996), a first-degree murder case, this Court rejected an argument that statements of the victim regarding her fears were inadmissible under MRE 803(3):
Defendant also contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence of the victim's statements concerning her fears. According to defendant's argument, the statements were hearsay, and MRE 803(3) did not apply because the victim's state of mind was not in issue. We agree with the trial court that the victim's fears as a result of the letter and phone calls explained why she adopted certain precautions when she arrived at her house. Her habits in this regard were relevant to the prosecution's theory of the case that the victim would not have gotten out of her car when she arrived at home without waiting for defendant. Defendant's position, which relies on People v White, 401 Mich. 482; 257 N.W.2d 912 (1977), for the proposition that the decedent's state of mind must itself be "at issue," was not the approach taken by the Supreme Court in [ People v Fisher, 449 Mich. 441, 453; 537 N.W.2d 577 (1995)] supra. We find no abuse of discretion. [ King, supra at 309.]
In People v Fisher, 449 Mich. 441, 448-450; 537 N.W.2d 577 (1995), the Court stated:
The trial judge stated that the parties should develop a list of oral or written statements made by the victim that were known to the defendant. The court ruled that these statements were not hearsay and that it would admit those statements that are especially relevant to the issues of motive and the elements of premeditation and deliberation. The trial court also ruled that it would also admit certain statements made by the victim that were not known to the defendant:
"The people's intent to present certain other material not known to the Defendant but which can be properly considered to be admissible as non-hearsay circumstantial evidence as to the existence and extent of marital discord which is admissible as proof of a motive for Defendant to kill his wife will also be permitted at the trial. That material described on page 29, Sec. II and thereafter will be allowed it being the impression of the court that they are not violative of the Supreme Court's ruling."
We agree with the conclusion reached by the trial court. It is well accepted that evidence that demonstrates an individual's state of mind will not be precluded by the hearsay rule. Several legal scholars have commented on the nonhearsay use of such evidence:
"Wherever an utterance is offered [into] evidence [for] the state of mind which ensued in another person in consequence of the utterance, it is obvious that no assertive or testimonial use is sought to be made of it, and the utterance is therefore admissible, so far as the hearsay rule is concerned." [6 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn rev), § 1789, p 314. Emphasis added.]
Likewise, in 4 Weinstein, Evidence, ¶ 801(c)[01], pp 801-94 to 801-96:
"An utterance or a writing may be admitted to show the effect on the hearer or reader when this effect is relevant. The policies underlying the hearsay rule do not apply because the utterance is not being offered to prove the truth or falsity of the matter asserted."
Specifically, statements by murder victims regarding their plans and feelings have been admitted as hearsay exceptions in a number of jurisdictions. In United States v Donley, 878 F.2d 735, 737-739 (CA 3, 1989), cert den 494 U.S. 1058 (1990), a statement by the victim's wife that she intended to move out of the apartment and separate from the defendant-husband was found admissible to show marital discord and motive. Likewise, in Whitmire v State, 789 S.W.2d 366 (Tex App, 1990), statements of the decedent-husband that he wanted to end the marriage with the defendant-wife were found admissible. See also United States v Hartmann, 958 F.2d 774, 782 (CA 7, 1992), in which statements made by the victim-husband about the "dismal state of his marriage" to the defendant-wife, his removal of her as beneficiary from his life insurance policy, and statements of his fear of being killed by the defendant-wife and her codefendant lover all were found admissible under a state of mind exception to the hearsay rule.
In the case at hand, marital discord, motive, and premeditation are all at issue. Thus, the statements of the victim-wife are admissible to show the effect they had on the defendant-husband. This testimony will not offend the hearsay rule because it does not constitute hearsay.
The trial court's ruling in this case was not an abuse of discretion. Evidence of the victim's state of mind, evidence of the victim's plans, which demonstrated motive (the ending of the marriage and the tension between the victim and defendant), and evidence of statements that defendant made to cause the victim fear were admissible under MRE 803(3). They were relevant to numerous issues in the case, including the issues of motive, deliberation, and premeditation and the issue whether the victim would have engaged in consensual sexual relations with defendant the week before her death.
On appeal, defendant also argues that the Confrontation Clauses of both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution were violated by the admission of the evidence of the victim's statements. Defendant claims that the trial court should have considered the totality of the circumstances surrounding the statements to determine if they were sufficiently reliable to meet the guarantees of the Confrontation Clauses. This issue is unpreserved because it was not raised below and, therefore, is reviewed only for plain error. People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763, 774; 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999). There was no plain error.
Where statements fall within a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule, they presumptively have sufficient indicia of reliability to fulfill Confrontation Clause guarantees. People v Lee, 243 Mich. App. 163, 171-178; 622 N.W.2d 71 (2000). Because the statements at issue fell within a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule, MRE 803(3), the requisite indicia of reliability was present. Thus, as a matter of law, the admission of the evidence did not violate defendant's right to confront the witnesses against him.
IV
Defendant argues that the trial court gave deficient cautionary instructions to the jury with respect to the MRE 404(b) evidence and the evidence of the victim's statements that were admitted under MRE 803(3). These issues were waived. People v Carter, 462 Mich. 206, 214-219; 612 N.W.2d 144 (2000). Defendant affirmatively waived any errors when he specifically indicated to the trial court that he had no objections to the instructions as given. Because any objections were waived, there are no errors to review. Id. at 216.
Defendant also argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the deficient cautionary instructions. In order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that, but for defense counsel's errors, there was a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. People v Stanaway, 446 Mich. 643, 687-688; 521 N.W.2d 557 (1994). A defendant must affirmatively demonstrate that counsel's performance was objectively unreasonable and so prejudicial as to deprive him of a fair trial. People v Pickens, 446 Mich. 298, 338; 521 N.W.2d 797 (1994).
In this case, defense counsel's conduct in failing to object or request better cautionary instructions may be deemed to have fallen below an objective standard of reasonableness. However, defendant does not affirmatively demonstrate that, but for his counsel's performance with regard to the two cautionary instructions, the result of the proceedings would have been different. The instructions did not pertain to basic and controlling issues in the case and cautionary instructions, although advisable are not mandatory. Defendant's right to a fair trial was not prejudiced by his counsel's failure to object.
V
Defendant further argues that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury that it could consider his prior fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct conviction when determining his credibility. This issue is preserved and we agree that the trial court's instruction was erroneous. MRE 609 permits impeachment of credibility by evidence of a prior conviction in certain, limited circumstances. A criminal sexual conduct conviction does not fall within MRE 609. Reversal is not, however, warranted. "In order to overcome a presumption that a preserved, nonconstitutional error is harmless, a defendant must persuade the reviewing court that it is more probable than not that the error in question was outcome determinative." People v Elston, 462 Mich. 751, 766; 614 N.W.2d 595 (2000), citing People v Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 495-496; 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999). In making this determination, we focus on the nature of the error in light of the weight and strength of the untainted evidence. Elston, supra. We find that defendant cannot show that the error was outcome determinative. The evidence of defendant's guilt was substantial. In addition, defendant's credibility was severely compromised by the myriad different stories he told throughout the investigation and trial. His credibility was not compromised only by the erroneous jury instruction.
VI
Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor made numerous, improper statements during her closing and rebuttal arguments. Defendant failed to object to any of these statements. "Absent an objection or a request for a curative instruction, this Court will not review alleged prosecutorial misconduct unless the misconduct is sufficiently egregious that no curative instruction would counteract the prejudice to defendant or unless manifest injustice would result from failure to review the alleged misconduct." People v Launsburry, 217 Mich. App. 358, 361; 551 N.W.2d 460 (1996). Further, unpreserved errors are reviewed under the plain error rule. Carines, supra at 763, 774.
We have reviewed the challenged comments and find that appellate relief is not warranted. There is no error apparent in the challenged comments.
Affirmed.