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recognizing defense may present evidence that is "both material and favorable to the defense"
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Submitted June 8, 2011, at Detroit. [Copyrighted Material Omitted] [Copyrighted Material Omitted] [Copyrighted Material Omitted] [Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Bill Schuette, Attorney General, John J. Bursch, Solicitor General, Kym L. Worthy, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and Jeffrey Caminsky, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Elizabeth L. Jacobs, Detroit, for defendant.
Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and DONOFRIO and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.
RONAYNE KRAUSE, J.
[293 Mich.App. 99] Defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), first-degree felony murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b), and mutilation of a dead body, MCL 750.160. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for each murder conviction and 50 to 120 months' imprisonment for the mutilation conviction, all sentences to be served concurrently. Defendant appealed, and while that appeal was pending, a successor trial court judge granted his motion for a new trial. The prosecutor then filed a cross-appeal from that order. We reverse the trial court's order granting defendant a new trial and affirm defendant's convictions and sentences as modified in this opinion.
There is no dispute that defendant killed the victim, dismembered the victim's body, and attempted to dispose of it by burning it. The gravamen of the dispute in this matter is why defendant did so. At the time, defendant was 17 years old, 5 feet 7 inches tall, and weighed approximately 150 pounds. The victim was 26 years old, six-feet tall, weighed approximately 250 pounds, and was intimidating; additionally, the victim had a reputation for physical and verbal violence, association with guns, aggression, a quick temper, and for being confrontational. In essence, the prosecution's theory was that defendant did not like the victim and was upset that the victim refused to repay a debt, and he devised a plan to commit the " perfect crime" of killing the victim and leaving no evidence. Defendant contended that he was coerced into involvement in a robbery scheme devised by the victim and that, when the plan failed, the victim threatened defendant's life, whereupon defendant killed the victim in self-defense and attempted to conceal the body out of panic. The jury found the prosecution's case more credible.
[293 Mich.App. 100] After defendant was convicted and sentenced, he filed a motion for a new trial. He also filed a motion to disqualify the trial judge because of her comments at sentencing. The trial judge denied the motion for disqualification, but the chief judge granted it to avoid an appearance of impropriety. The case was reassigned to a new judge who conducted an evidentiary hearing on defendant's motion for a new trial. The successor judge later issued an opinion in which he concluded that the trial court's exclusion of certain psychiatric testimony at defendant's trial denied defendant the effective assistance of counsel, thereby depriving defendant of a fair trial. Accordingly, the court granted defendant's motion for a new trial. We address the prosecutor's cross-appeal of that order first, because most of defendant's issues on appeal could be moot if we were to uphold it.
A court may grant a new trial " on any ground that would support appellate reversal of the conviction or because it believes that the verdict has resulted in a miscarriage of justice." MCR 6.431(B). A trial court's decision on a motion for a new trial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v. Lemmon, 456 Mich. 625, 641, 576 N.W.2d 129 (1998). A trial court's decision concerning the conduct and scope of voir dire is also reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v. Sawyer, 215 Mich.App. 183, 186-187, 545 N.W.2d 6 (1996). Further, evidentiary rulings are also reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v. Smith, 456 Mich. 543, 550, 581 N.W.2d 654 (1998). An appellate court should generally defer to the trial court's judgment, and if the trial court's decision results in an outcome within the range of principled outcomes, it has not abused its discretion. People v. Carnicom, 272 Mich.App. 614, 616-617, 727 N.W.2d 399 (2006).
[293 Mich.App. 101] We review constitutional and statutory questions de novo. People v. McPherson, 263 Mich.App. 124, 131, 687 N.W.2d 370 (2004). Further, preliminary questions of law such as whether a rule of evidence or a statute precludes the admission of evidence, are reviewed de novo. People v. Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 488, 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999).
Defendant's motion for a new trial was based, in relevant part, on the trial court's exclusion of psychiatric testimony that defendant argued was relevant to his self-defense claim. We are puzzled by the successor judge's reliance on principles regarding ineffective assistance of counsel to conclude that defendant was entitled to a new trial, given that the trial court found no deficiencies in counsel's performance, nor do we. However, the Sixth Amendment guarantees defendants " ‘ a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’ " Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324, 126 S.Ct. 1727, 164 L.Ed.2d 503 (2006) (citation omitted). We find that defendant is entitled to have the merits of his claims addressed, irrespective of the label given to them. Therefore, we will address the merits of those claims.
The right to present a defense is not absolute or unfettered. A trial court may exclude evidence if its probative value is outweighed by factors such as unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or potential to mislead the jury. Id. at 326, 126 S.Ct. 1727. Therefore, a court may exclude evidence that is repetitive, only marginally relevant, or poses an undue risk of harassment, prejudice, or confusion of the issues. Id. at 326-327, 126 S.Ct. 1727. Similarly, defendants are entitled to present witnesses in their defense, but again that right is not absolute. People v. McFall, 224 Mich.App. 403, 407-408, 569 N.W.2d 828 (1997). " To the contrary, it requires a showing that the witness' testimony [293 Mich.App. 102] would be both material and favorable to the defense." Id. at 408, 569 N.W.2d 828. The underlying question is whether the proffered evidence or testimony is relevant and material, or unfairly prejudicial.
A claim of self-defense at common law required an honest and reasonable belief of an imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. People v. Dupree, 486 Mich. 693, 707-708, 788 N.W.2d 399 (2010). The Self-Defense Act (SDA), MCL 780.971 et seq. , which became effective before the killing in this case, continues to require an honest and reasonable belief of imminent death or harm. MCL 780.972. A defendant's history and psychological makeup may be relevant to explain the reasonableness of a defendant's belief that he or she was in inescapable danger. People v. Wilson, 194 Mich.App. 599, 604, 487 N.W.2d 822 (1992) (discussing the " battered spouse syndrome" ). And reasonableness depends on what an ordinarily prudent and intelligent person would do on the basis of the perceptions of the actor. People v. Doss, 406 Mich. 90, 102, 276 N.W.2d 9 (1979) (discussing what constitutes " reasonable force" for a police officer to effectuate an arrest). A defendant's psychological idiosyncrasies may, at least in theory, be relevant to the reasonableness of the defendant's belief that he or she was in danger. But that is not the situation in the case before us.
Evidence is relevant if it tends to make a " fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." MRE 401. This case featured two starkly contrasting, and largely incompatible, narratives of what factually transpired just before the killing. Under the prosecution's version of events, there is no possible way defendant could have been legitimately defending himself. Under defendant's version of events, there is [293 Mich.App. 103] absolutely no leap of logic or faith required to conclude that it is objectively reasonable to fear for one's life when a large, intimidating person with an undisputed reputation for violence is pointing a gun at him and explicitly threatening to " blow [his] fricking brains out." Defendant's self-defense claim here depends purely on which of the two factual scenarios actually happened. Therefore, the psychiatric testimony would only have been relevant if it had some bearing on which scenario occurred.
Simply put, the psychiatric testimony would have cast no light whatsoever on which of the two versions of events was the more likely. Either defendant carefully planned the victim's demise and disposition, or the victim lost his temper and presented a highly convincing threat of immediate death. We are unable to perceive how, under the circumstances of this case, the proposed psychiatric testimony would have assisted the jury in determining which version of events was more credible or whether, under defendant's scenario, he would have honestly and reasonably believed that he was in imminent and grave danger. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the psychiatric testimony, and the successor judge erred by granting defendant's motion for a new trial on that basis. We reverse the order granting defendant's motion for a new trial.
In defendant's appeal, he argues that he was additionally deprived of his right to present a case because the trial court excluded evidence of personal protection orders (PPOs) issued against the victim and evidence of the victim's MySpace page. Defendant contends that [293 Mich.App. 104] this evidence would have been relevant to show that the victim was the initial aggressor. We agree in part, although we find the error harmless.
MySpace is a social-networking website. Users can post various semistatic descriptions of themselves, as well as photographs and other media, public discussions, links to friends or other websites, and various forms of personal-status updates. The victim's MySpace page presented the victim consistently with his reputation for violence, including aggressive language, and references to guns, bullets, gang activities, drugs, and vengeance.
Evidence concerning the aggressive character of a homicide victim, even if the defendant was unaware of it at the time, is admissible in furtherance of a self-defense claim to prove that the victim was the probable aggressor. MRE 404(a)(2); People v. Harris, 458 Mich. 310, 315-316, 583 N.W.2d 680 (1998). However, this type of character evidence may only be admitted in the form of reputation testimony, not by testimony regarding specific instances of conduct unless the testimony regarding those instances is independently admissible for some other reason or where character is an essential element of a claim or defense. MRE 405; Harris, 458 Mich. at 318-319, 583 N.W.2d 680. The victim's character is not an essential element of defendant's self-defense claim. The PPOs concerned specific instances of conduct and were properly excluded on that basis.
We refer to the PPO documents themselves, which constitute allegations of specific conduct. However, defendant would have been free to call the plaintiffs in the PPO actions as witnesses to testify with regard to reputation only and not with regard to the specific instances of conduct.
However, we find that the MySpace page is not evidence concerning a specific instance of conduct. While a social-networking or other kind of personal website might well contain depictions of specific instances of conduct, such a website must be deemed a gestalt and not simply a conglomerate of parts. When considered by itself, a social-networking or personal website is more in the nature of a semipermanent yet fluid autobiography presented to the world. In effect, it [293 Mich.App. 105] is self-directed and self-controlled general-character evidence. Clearly, because people change over time, its relevance might be limited only to recent additions or changes; furthermore, it is obviously possible for people to misrepresent themselves, which could present a fact issue. But in the abstract, social-networking and personal websites constitute general reputational evidence rather than evidence concerning specific instances of conduct, and so the victim's MySpace page should have been admissible.
Nonetheless, the exclusion of the MySpace page itself was harmless here. Defendant was able to testify about the page and the contents thereof. We are unpersuaded that the specific page in this particular case was so visceral that its essence could not be captured by a spoken testimonial description. Furthermore, and of particular consequence, the victim's violent and aggressive character was not seriously in doubt. Presenting the page itself to the jury would have been sufficiently cumulative that we find its exclusion harmless.
Defendant next argues that the trial court's jury voir dire was deficient because the court failed to ask probing questions designed to expose juror bias arising from pretrial publicity. We disagree. Defendant fails to articulate what the trial court should have asked in addition to the questions it did ask, and the trial court appears from the record to have given the attorneys the opportunity to request questions to be asked. The trial court inquired into the jurors' prior knowledge and opinions of the matter and their ability to decide the case fairly and impartially, and it did not do so in a manner that created bias. Defendant has a right to a fair and impartial jury, but he does not have a right to individual, sequestered voir dire. People v. Tyburski, 445 Mich. 606, 618-619, 518 N.W.2d 441 (1994). We find no abuse of discretion.
[293 Mich.App. 106] Defendant next argues that misconduct by the prosecutor deprived him of a fair trial. We disagree. Because defendant did not object to the prosecutor's conduct in the trial court, his claims of misconduct are not preserved. People v. Schutte, 240 Mich.App. 713, 720, 613 N.W.2d 370 (2000). Therefore, defendant must show a plain error affecting his substantial rights. Id.; see also People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763-764, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999). Claims of prosecutorial misconduct are reviewed on a case-by-case basis, and any challenged remarks are reviewed in context. People v. Noble, 238 Mich.App. 647, 660, 608 N.W.2d 123 (1999). The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was deprived of a fair trial. People v. Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 266-267, 531 N.W.2d 659 (1995).
Abrogated on other grounds in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).
Defendant argues that it was improper for the prosecutor to introduce evidence that a computer search for criminal-defense attorneys was conducted on the computer in defendant's home shortly after the offense. We agree. Evidence that defendant, or someone who used the computer, searched for an attorney infringes on defendant's right to an attorney and should not have been introduced into evidence. Moreover, we find that it cannot possibly have been a good-faith effort on the part of the prosecutor. Noble, 238 Mich.App. at 660, 608 N.W.2d 123. However, we find this misconduct harmless under the circumstances. There was no objection to this evidence at trial, presumably because, under the unique circumstances of this case, the search for an attorney could have supported either version of events. It was, after all, undisputed that defendant was fearful of the consequences of the discovery of the victim's death, irrespective of whether he acted out of calculated malice or out [293 Mich.App. 107] of a panicked response to an imminent and credible threat. While we do not condone the admission of this evidence, we find it harmless under the circumstances. Defendant also argues that the prosecutor improperly referred to defendant's failure to produce evidence of the victim's violent character. Viewed in context, the prosecutor did not comment on defendant's failure to produce evidence, but rather on the evidence that was presented and what that evidence did not show. The prosecutor accurately stated that none of the witnesses claimed to have seen the victim engage in an actual act of violence. Therefore, the remark was not improper. People v. Marji, 180 Mich.App. 525, 538, 447 N.W.2d 835 (1989). Further, the comment was a legitimate response to defense counsel's personal attacks on the victim. People v. Watson, 245 Mich.App. 572, 593, 629 N.W.2d 411 (2001).
Defendant lastly argues that he was prejudiced by a prearraignment remark in which Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy referred to this offense as a " thrill kill" during a press conference. The remark was made long before trial. As the prosecution argues on appeal, the only way it could have deprived defendant of a fair trial would be if it tainted the jury pool. However, there is no basis for concluding that it did. Defendant never moved for a change of venue before trial. Further, jury voir dire presented defendant with the opportunity to explore the issue of juror bias at trial. Defendant has not demonstrated that the remark prejudiced his right to a fair trial.
Defendant next argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, arguing that trial counsel should have made a number of additional objections and requests for jury instructions. We disagree. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show [293 Mich.App. 108] that counsel's performance was so objectively deficient that counsel was not performing as the attorney guaranteed by the constitution. People v. Pickens, 446 Mich. 298, 302-303, 521 N.W.2d 797 (1994). Defendant must also show that he was prejudiced thereby. Id. at 312, 521 N.W.2d 797. To establish prejudice, defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that the alleged error made a difference in the outcome of the trial. People v. LaVearn, 448 Mich. 207, 216, 528 N.W.2d 721 (1995); Pickens, 446 Mich. at 312, 521 N.W.2d 797.
Defendant argues that counsel should have objected to the previously discussed evidence of the computer search for defense attorneys and the prosecutor's commentary thereon. However, as discussed, although that evidence was improper, it was harmless under the circumstances and could even have supported the defense theory, so defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to object. LaVearn, 448 Mich. at 216, 528 N.W.2d 721. Defense counsel was similarly not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection to the prosecutor's comment that a codefendant failed to corroborate defendant's claim that the victim threatened to kill them; this was an accurate and therefore proper comment on the evidence. Marji, 180 Mich.App. at 538, 447 N.W.2d 835. Defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise additional arguments in favor of admitting the PPOs; as discussed, they were properly excluded.
Counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise additional objections to the introduction of recorded telephone conversations between defendant and his father from jail. Defendant placed his character at issue by attempting to introduce evidence of his peacefulness, so the prosecutor properly introduced the recordings to rebut that evidence. The recordings or the contents thereof were variously admissible as reputation or [293 Mich.App. 109] opinion evidence under MRE 405 and under several exceptions to the hearsay-evidence rule. Furthermore, the trial court took great and commendable care to ensure that the jury truly understood that evidence of defendant's character was not evidence that he committed any of the crimes for which he was charged. Counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise further objections to the recordings, and even if counsel committed an error, we find that defendant would not have been prejudiced thereby.
Defendant next argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to request a cautionary instruction regarding accomplice testimony. The trial court did give the jury the undisputed-accomplice testimony instruction, CJI2d 5.4, but did not give the cautionary instruction that should have followed, CJI2d 5.6. Nevertheless, we review the instructions as a whole to determine whether the trial court fairly protected defendant's rights and informed the jury of the issues to be determined. People v. Gaydosh, 203 Mich.App. 235, 237, 512 N.W.2d 65 (1994), see also People v. Young, 472 Mich. 130, 144, 693 N.W.2d 801 (2005) (explaining that the trial court has discretion whether to give the cautionary accomplice instruction and an unpreserved claim regarding the failure to do so is reviewable only for plain error). The trial court did give the general witness-credibility instruction, which includes an instruction to consider whether a witness has any prejudice or personal interest in the outcome of a case and whether the witness had been subjected to any influences that might affect his or her testimony. In light of defense counsel's extensive attacks on the accomplices' credibility, including their agreements with the prosecutor and strong motivation to blame defendant, we find that defendant's rights were not prejudiced by counsel's failure to request CJI2d 5.6.
[293 Mich.App. 110] Defendant also argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to certain errors in the trial court's jury instruction on defense of others, CJI2d 7.21. The trial court properly instructed the jury that the lawful defense of others may excuse a criminal act and that defendant must have " honestly and reasonably believed" that his codefendant was in imminent danger of death or serious injury, even if it later turned out that defendant was mistaken. Further, when instructing the jury on self-defense, the trial court stated that defendant's conduct was to be judged according to how the circumstances appeared to him at the time, and the court indicated that " this instruction also includes defense of others." Although the trial court technically omitted part of CJI2d 7.21(2) and slightly misread part of CJI2d 7.21(4), the trial court's instructions as a whole properly and completely instructed the jury and protected defendant's rights. Counsel was not ineffective for failing to object.
Defendant next argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to move to strike a portion of defendant's statement in which he explained that the Drano found in his truck was for making bombs. Although defendant argues that the comment was not probative of any issue, the comment was elicited in the context of a conversation in which defendant referred to himself as a " pyro," a statement that was relevant in light of the evidence that the victim's body was burned. Because any objection would have been futile, counsel was not ineffective for failing to object.
Defendant lastly argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to request an instruction on second-degree murder as a necessarily included lesser offense of felony murder. Given that defendant was convicted of the alternative theory of first-degree premeditated [293 Mich.App. 111] murder, for which the jury received a lesser-offense instruction on second-degree murder, defendant cannot establish that he was prejudiced by counsel's failure to request a second-degree murder instruction.
Defendant argues that his felony-murder conviction must be vacated because there was insufficient evidence that the victim was killed during the commission or attempted commission of a larceny. We disagree. The sufficiency of the evidence is evaluated by reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational trier of fact could find every element of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Petrella, 424 Mich. 221, 268-270, 380 N.W.2d 11 (1985).
The predicate felony in this case was larceny of the victim's gun, which defendant contends he did not take until after the killing, and then he only did so for the purpose of hiding it. The felony-murder doctrine does not apply if the intent to steal the victim's property was not formed until after the homicide. People v. Brannon, 194 Mich.App. 121, 125, 486 N.W.2d 83 (1992). However, " a murder committed during the unbroken chain of events surrounding the predicate felony is committed ‘ in the perpetration of’ that felony...." People v. Gillis, 474 Mich. 105, 121, 712 N.W.2d 419 (2006). The murder and the felony need not be contemporaneous; rather, the defendant need only have intended to commit the underlying felony when the homicide occurred. Brannon, 194 Mich.App. at 125, 486 N.W.2d 83. Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that defendant killed the victim while harboring an intent to steal his gun. Defendant's reason for doing so was a question of fact for the jury. The evidence was sufficient to support defendant's felony-murder conviction. Therefore, in addition, any [293 Mich.App. 112] error in defendant's bind over was harmless. People v. Moorer, 246 Mich.App. 680, 682, 635 N.W.2d 47 (2001).
However, convicting a defendant of both first-degree premeditated murder and first-degree felony murder arising out of the death of a single victim is a violation of double-jeopardy protection. People v. Williams, 265 Mich.App. 68, 72, 692 N.W.2d 722 (2005). We will uphold a single conviction for murder based on two alternative theories. Id. Accordingly, the proper remedy when a defendant is convicted of both first-degree premeditated murder and first-degree felony murder arising out of the death of a single victim is to modify the conviction to specify that it is for a single count of first-degree murder supported by two theories.
Defendant finally argues that he was denied the right to a public trial. Had defendant properly raised this as a constitutional issue, we would agree. At the very beginning of the trial, the trial court cleared the courtroom for voir dire because of the large number of potential jurors. Defendant did not object. However defense counsel subsequently asked: " [I]s it possible to have the family stay[?]" The judge said that there was not enough room. Again, defendant did not object, let alone assert that he had a constitutional right to the presence of his family or others in the courtroom during jury selection.
In Presley v. Georgia, 558 U.S. __, __, 130 S.Ct. 721, 724, 175 L.Ed.2d 675, 680 (2010), the Court held that " the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial extends to the voir dire of prospective jurors," subject to certain exceptions:
" [T]he party seeking to close the hearing must advance an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced, the closure must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest, the trial court must consider reasonable alternatives [293 Mich.App. 113] to closing the proceeding, and it must make findings adequate to support the closure." [ Id., quoting Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 48, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31 (1984).]
The Court in Presley indicated that the number of prospective jurors would not be an overriding concern, that reasonable alternatives had to be considered even if not advanced by the parties, and that possible alternatives when the venire was large could " include reserving one or more rows for the public; dividing the jury venire panel to reduce courtroom congestion; or instructing prospective jurors not to engage or interact with audience members." Presley, 558 U.S. at __, 130 S.Ct. at 725, 175 L.Ed.2d at 681. Significantly, in Presley, there was a specific objection to the exclusion of the public from the courtroom, id. at __, 130 S.Ct. at 722, 175 L.Ed.2d at 678, whereas in the present case, there was no specific objection.
The record does not show that there was a basis for excluding defendant's family or others from the courtroom during the jury voir dire. However, the request for the presence of family was not a legal objection to their exclusion. In context, it appears that defendant was requesting an exception for his family to the judge's announcement regarding closure of the courtroom, not that defendant was challenging the ruling on any constitutional or legal basis.
Like the defendant here, the defendant in People v. Vaughn, 291 Mich.App. 183, 804 N.W.2d 764 (2010), failed to object to closure of the courtroom. This Court upheld the conviction, stating:
[T]his right [to a public trial] is not self-executing: the defendant must timely assert the right. Levine v. United States, 362 U.S. 610, 619-620, 80 S.Ct. 1038, 4 L.Ed.2d 989 (1960) (" Due regard generally for the public nature of the [293 Mich.App. 114] judicial process does not require disregard of the solid demands of the fair administration of justice in favor of a party who, at the appropriate time and acting under advice of counsel, saw no disregard of a right, but raises an abstract claim only as an afterthought on appeal." ). Thus, the failure to timely assert the right to a public trial forecloses the later grant of relief. See United States v. Hitt, 473 F.3d 146, 155 (C.A.5, 2006) (" Where a defendant, with knowledge of the closure of the courtroom, fails to object, that defendant waives his right to a public trial." ); Freytag v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 501 U.S. 868, 896, 111 S.Ct. 2631, 115 L.Ed.2d 764 (1991) (Scalia, J., concurring) (noting that review of a claim of error with regard to certain rights, such as the Sixth Amendment right to a public trial, may be foreclosed by the failure to timely assert the right); see also Peretz v. United States, 501 U.S. 923, 936-937, 111 S.Ct. 2661, 115 L.Ed.2d 808 (1991) (noting that the failure to timely assert the right to have an Article III judge preside over jury voir dire forecloses the grant of relief). [ Id. at 196, 804 N.W.2d 764.]
We conclude that defendant waived his right to a public trial during the jury voir dire.
In conclusion, the successor judge erred by granting defendant's motion for a new trial, and we reverse that order. Defendant has not presented to us any errors or infringements of his rights that warrant reversal, and he waived his public-trial issue. We remand for the administrative task of correcting defendant's judgment of sentence to show that he is convicted of a single count of first-degree murder supported by two theories and affirm defendant's convictions and sentences as modified. We do not retain jurisdiction.
FORT HOOD, P.J., and DONOFRIO, J., concurred with RONAYNE KRAUSE, J.