Opinion
2014-06-20
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Christopher A. NICHOLSON, also known as John Doe, Defendant–Appellant. (Appeal No. 1.).
Davison Law Office PLLC, Canandaigua (Mary P. Davison of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Christopher A. Nicholson, Defendant–Appellant Pro Se.
Davison Law Office PLLC, Canandaigua (Mary P. Davison of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Christopher A. Nicholson, Defendant–Appellant Pro Se.
Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Geoffrey Kaeuper of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, CARNI, LINDLEY, and WHALEN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
In appeal No. 1, defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree (Penal Law § 130.75 [former (a) ] ) and, in appeal No. 2, defendant appeals from the resentence. We reject defendant's contention in appeal No. 1 that Supreme Court erred in allowing the victim and her mother to testify that defendant had threatened the victim and physically abused the victim and her brother. That evidence was relevant to explain the victim's delay in reporting the abuse ( see People v. Westbrooks, 90 A.D.3d 1536, 1537, 935 N.Y.S.2d 241,lv. denied18 N.Y.3d 963, 944 N.Y.S.2d 492, 967 N.E.2d 717;People v. Bennett, 52 A.D.3d 1185, 1187, 859 N.Y.S.2d 836,lv. denied11 N.Y.3d 734, 864 N.Y.S.2d 393, 894 N.E.2d 657;see also People v. Rivers, 82 A.D.3d 1623, 1623, 918 N.Y.S.2d 921,lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 904, 933 N.Y.S.2d 659, 957 N.E.2d 1163). We further conclude that the record establishes that the court balanced the probative value of such evidence against its potential for prejudice ( see People v. Holmes, 104 A.D.3d 1288, 1290, 960 N.Y.S.2d 831,lv. denied22 N.Y.3d 1041, 981 N.Y.S.2d 375, 4 N.E.3d 387). Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the court erred in failing to issue a limiting instruction with respect to that evidence, and we decline to exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see Westbrooks, 90 A.D.3d at 1537, 935 N.Y.S.2d 241). We reject defendant's further contention that the failure to object to the absence of the limiting instruction rendered counsel ineffective ( see People v. Williams, 107 A.D.3d 1516, 1516–1517, 966 N.Y.S.2d 784,lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 1047, 972 N.Y.S.2d 544, 995 N.E.2d 860).
Defendant next contends in appeal No. 1 that the court erred in admitting the testimony of an expert with respect to child sexual abuse accomodation syndrome (CSAAS) because the issue of delayed victim disclosure was not beyond the ken of the jurors in this case. It is well settled that “[e]xpert testimony concerning CSAAS is admissible to assist the jury in understanding the unusual conduct of victims of child sexual abuse where, as here, the testimony is general in nature and does not attempt to impermissibly prove that the charged crimes occurred” ( People v. Gayden, 107 A.D.3d 1428, 1428, 967 N.Y.S.2d 277,lv. denied22 N.Y.3d 1138, 983 N.Y.S.2d 497, 6 N.E.3d 616 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Spicola, 16 N.Y.3d 441, 465, 922 N.Y.S.2d 846, 947 N.E.2d 620,cert. denied––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 400, 181 L.Ed.2d 257;People v. Ennis, 107 A.D.3d 1617, 1619, 969 N.Y.S.2d 284,lv. denied22 N.Y.3d 1040, 981 N.Y.S.2d 374, 4 N.E.3d 386). Contrary to defendant's contention, the record of the voir dire does not establish that all the sworn jurors were aware of and understood the reasons for delayed disclosure by victims of sexual abuse and, moreover, the CSAAS expert also testified concerning unusual conduct of victims of child sexual abuse other than delayed disclosure.
Defendant further contends in appeal No. 1 that the court erred in allowing the People to call a rebuttal witness who testified concerning collateral matters. Contrary to defendant's contention, the rebuttal witness was properly called to give testimony that was relevant to the defense witness's bias or motive to fabricate, which is not collateral ( see People v. Anonymous, 96 N.Y.2d 839, 840, 729 N.Y.S.2d 434, 754 N.E.2d 193). The defense witness was defendant's former girlfriend, and the rebuttal witness was defendant's ex-wife, who married defendant after he and the defense witness ended their romantic relationship. In her cross-examination of the defense witness, the prosecutor attempted to show that defendant and the defense witness were romantically involved at the time of the trial, but the defense witness would admit only that she and defendant were friends, and claimed that she and defendant had been friends “all along,” i.e., they were friends even when defendant and the rebuttal witness were married. The prosecutor informed the court that she wanted to call the rebuttal witness to rebut the defense witness's testimony that she and defendant were “friends this entire time.” We disagree with our dissenting colleagues that the rebuttal witness should not have been allowed to testify. Reading the prosecutor's colloquy with the court on this issue, together with her cross-examination of the defense witness, we conclude that the purpose of calling the rebuttal witness was to show that defendant and the defense witness were romantically involved at the time of the trial, which the prosecutor believed could be inferred if the defense witness and defendant had not been friends when he was married to the rebuttal witness.
We also disagree with our dissenting colleagues that our affirmance of the trial court's ruling violates People v. Concepcion, 17 N.Y.3d 192, 929 N.Y.S.2d 541, 953 N.E.2d 779. The Court of Appeals has “ ‘construed CPL 470.15(1) as a legislative restriction on the Appellate Division's power to review issues either decided in an appellant's favor, or not ruled upon, by the trial court’ ” ( id. at 195, 929 N.Y.S.2d 541, 953 N.E.2d 779). Contrary to the position of the dissent, we are not affirming on a ground that is different from that determined by the court. The court allowed the rebuttal witness to testify for the “limited purpose” of whether the defense witness and defendant were friends, and we conclude that the court's determination was proper. We simply differ from the dissent in our interpretation of the meaning of the rebuttal witness's testimony tending to show that the defense witness and defendant were not friends after defendant married the rebuttal witness. The rebuttal witness testified that defendant had contact with the defense witness in 2003 but, after the rebuttal witness indicated to defendant that she was not pleased with that contact between them, she was not aware of any further contact between defendant and the defense witness. Whereas the dissent infers nothing from that testimony other than that defendant and the defense witness were not friends after 2003, we conclude that a permissible inference from that testimony was that, despite her testimony, the defense witness never lost her romantic feelings for defendant, even at the time of trial.
Viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crime of course of sexual conduct against a child as charged to the jury ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), we reject defendant's contention in his pro se supplemental brief that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence in appeal No. 1 ( see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Defendant also contends in his pro se supplemental brief that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in appeal No. 1. Inasmuch as we conclude that defendant was not denied a fair trial by any alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct on summation, defense counsel's failure to object to those comments does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel ( see People v. Lyon, 77 A.D.3d 1338, 1339, 908 N.Y.S.2d 291,lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 954, 917 N.Y.S.2d 113, 942 N.E.2d 324). In addition, defense counsel was not ineffective in failing to call a witness to rebut the testimony of the CSAAS expert ( see People v. Wallace, 60 A.D.3d 1268, 1270, 875 N.Y.S.2d 353,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 922, 884 N.Y.S.2d 703, 912 N.E.2d 1084). Defendant's contention that defense counsel failed to obtain certain documentary evidence is based on matters outside the record and must be raised by way of a motion pursuant to CPL article 440 ( see People v. Gerald, 103 A.D.3d 1249, 1250, 959 N.Y.S.2d 362). Finally, defendant's “ ‘[s]peculation that a more vigorous cross-examination might have [undermined the credibility of a witness] does not establish ineffectiveness of counsel’ ” ( People v. Williams, 110 A.D.3d 1458, 1459–1460, 973 N.Y.S.2d 506,lv. denied22 N.Y.3d 1160, 984 N.Y.S.2d 644, 7 N.E.3d 1132).
Contrary to defendant's contention in appeal No. 2, the resentence is not unduly harsh or severe. We agree with defendant, however, that the court erred in failing to modify the duration of the order of protection upon the resentence. Although defendant failed to preserve that contention for our review ( see People v. Nieves, 2 N.Y.3d 310, 315–317, 778 N.Y.S.2d 751, 811 N.E.2d 13;People v. Tidd [Appeal No. 2], 81 A.D.3d 1405, 1406, 916 N.Y.S.2d 866), we nevertheless exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[3][c] ). We therefore modify the resentence in appeal No. 2 by amending the order of protection, and we remit the matter to Supreme Court to determine the jail time credit to which defendant is entitled and to specify in the order of protection an expiration date in accordance with the version of CPL 530.12 (former [5][ii] ) in effect when the judgment was rendered on September 22, 2009 ( see People v. Jackson, 85 A.D.3d 1697, 1699, 925 N.Y.S.2d 746,lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 817, 929 N.Y.S.2d 806, 954 N.E.2d 97;Tidd, 81 A.D.3d at 1406, 916 N.Y.S.2d 866;People v. Harris, 50 A.D.3d 1608, 1609, 857 N.Y.S.2d 840,lv. denied10 N.Y.3d 959, 863 N.Y.S.2d 143, 893 N.E.2d 449).
It is hereby ORDERED that the appeal from the judgment insofar as it imposed sentence is dismissed and the judgment is otherwise affirmed. All concur except CARNI and LINDLEY, JJ., who dissent and vote to reverse in accordance with the following Memorandum:
We respectfully dissent. We would reverse the judgment of conviction in appeal No. 1 and grant defendant a new trial, and vacate the resentence in appeal No. 2. In our view, Supreme Court erred in allowing the People to call a rebuttal witness whose testimony related solely to collateral matters. “It is well established that the party who is cross-examining a witness cannot introduce extrinsic documentary evidence or call other witnesses to contradict a witness' answers concerning collateral matters solely for the purpose of impeaching that witness' credibility” ( People v. Pavao, 59 N.Y.2d 282, 288–289, 464 N.Y.S.2d 458, 451 N.E.2d 216;see People v. Hanley, 5 N.Y.3d 108, 112, 800 N.Y.S.2d 105, 833 N.E.2d 248). At the same time, however, “extrinsic proof tending to establish a reason to fabricate is never collateral and may not be excluded on that ground” ( People v. Hudy, 73 N.Y.2d 40, 56, 538 N.Y.S.2d 197, 535 N.E.2d 250). Thus, the People may call a rebuttal witness to provide testimony that is relevant to a defense witness's bias or motive to fabricate, which is not collateral ( see People v. Anonymous, 96 N.Y.2d 839, 840, 729 N.Y.S.2d 434, 754 N.E.2d 193).
Here, the People's rebuttal witness was defendant's ex-wife, who was called to rebut certain testimony offered by defendant's sole witness, a former girlfriend who dated defendant from 1995 to 2003. The defense witness testified that she had a “wonderful” relationship with defendant's children—the victim and her brother—and that she never witnessed defendant engage in any violent acts toward them. On cross-examination, the defense witness acknowledged that she had remained defendant's friend and visited him frequently while he was in jail pending trial. She also acknowledged that she did not want to see anything bad happen to defendant.
Following the defense witness's testimony, the People announced their intention to call the ex-wife as a rebuttal witness. Defense counsel objected and asked for an offer of proof. When the court asked the prosecutor what she expected from the ex-wife's testimony, the prosecutor stated, “The [defense witness] testified specifically that she has been friends with the defendant the entire time, including the time after she broke up with him, and he was with [the rebuttal witness] up to the present date. I am calling the witness to rebut that statement that they were friends this entire time, because that's not correct.” The court then asked, “That is the limited purpose, that they were or were not friends during that period; is that what you are saying?” The prosecutor responded, “That's right.” The court allowed the rebuttal witness to testify over defendant's objection. She proceeded to testify that she and defendant met in 2003, married in 2005 and separated in 2008. The rebuttal witness further testified that, to her knowledge, defendant did not have any contact with the defense witness after 2003.
We conclude that the court erred in allowing the rebuttal witness to testify because the limited purpose of her testimony, as stated by the prosecutor, was to rebut the defense witness's testimony that she remained friends with defendant after they broke up in 2003. The fact that the defense witness was defendant's friend was relevant to show that she may have had a bias for testifying on his behalf. The defense witness freely acknowledged, however, that she was defendant's friend at the time of trial, and it was that very testimony that the prosecutor sought to rebut. The rebuttal witness's testimony—that the defense witness did not have contact with defendant after 2003—served only to show that the defense witness was not being truthful when she testified that she and defendant remained friends. In our view, that constitutes impermissible impeachment testimony on a collateral matter. The fact that the defense witness was not one of defendant's friends while he was married to the rebuttal witness, as the rebuttal witness testified, does not show that the defense witness was biased in favor of defendant. In fact, it tends to show the opposite.
We cannot agree with the majority that “the purpose of calling the rebuttal witness was to show that defendant and the defense witness were romantically involved at the time of trial.” As noted, the prosecutor stated that her purpose in calling the rebuttal witness was to show that the defense witness and defendant were not friends “that entire time,” as the defense witness had testified; the prosecutor did not say anything about seeking to show that the defense witness was romantically involved with defendant at the time of trial, and the rebuttal witness did not testify to that effect or even insinuate as much. In any event, the court's ruling in allowing the rebuttal witness to testify was not based on the ground relied upon by the majority, and we therefore may not affirm on that basis ( seeCPL 470.15[1]; People v. Concepcion, 17 N.Y.3d 192, 196, 929 N.Y.S.2d 541, 953 N.E.2d 779;People v. LaFontaine, 92 N.Y.2d 470, 474, 682 N.Y.S.2d 671, 705 N.E.2d 663).
We agree with the People to the extent that they argue that defendant was not prejudiced by the rebuttal witness's testimony. In fact, we are comfortable concluding that there is no “significant probability ... that the jury would have acquitted the defendant had it not been for the error” ( People v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 242, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787;see People v. Arafet, 13 N.Y.3d 460, 468, 892 N.Y.S.2d 812, 920 N.E.2d 919). In order for the harmless error analysis to apply in the first instance, however, the proof of guilt must be “overwhelming” ( Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d at 241, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787;see Arafet, 13 N.Y.3d at 468, 892 N.Y.S.2d 812, 920 N.E.2d 919). As the Court wrote in Crimmins, “unless the proof of the defendant's guilt, without reference to the error, is overwhelming, there is no occasion for consideration of any doctrine of harmless error. That is, every error of law (save, perhaps, one of sheerest technicality) is, ipso facto, deemed to be prejudicial and to require a reversal, unless that error can be found to have been rendered harmless by the weight and the nature of the other proof” ( id. at 241, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787). In our view, the error here cannot be characterized as “one of sheer technicality” ( id.). Because this case turned largely on the testimony of the victim, who did not report the crimes until more than eight years after they occurred, it cannot be said that the proof of guilt is overwhelming. We are thus constrained to conclude that defendant is entitled to a new trial notwithstanding that the jury almost certainly would have convicted him even without the rather innocuous rebuttal testimony.
Finally, we agree with the majority that none of defendant's remaining contentions in appeal No. 1 has merit.