Summary
In Pitts, it was held that the officer's action in searching a car in response to defendant's "furtive gesture" and a negative reply to an officer's question did not create probable cause for search.
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Docket No. 9339.
Decided May 24, 1972. Leave to appeal denied, 388 Mich. 791.
Appeal from Macomb, Walter P. Cynar, J. Submitted Division 2 April 5, 1972, at Detroit. (Docket No. 9339.) Decided May 24, 1972. Leave to appeal denied, 388 Mich. 791.
Nelson Pitts was convicted of unlawfully possessing a narcotic drug. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, George N. Parris, Prosecuting Attorney, Thaddeus F. Hamera, Chief Appellate Lawyer, and Stephen F. Osinski, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
John J. Miller, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted by a judge in the Macomb County Circuit Court of unlawfully possessing a narcotic drug in violation of MCLA 335.153; MSA 18.1123. He was sentenced to a prison term of from two to ten years. He appeals as of right.
This case involves the right of the police to search an automobile based on a furtive gesture. The facts follow. On September 18, 1969, Michigan State Police troopers Curtis Fonger and Steven Miller were patrolling the Van Dyke-29 Mile Road area in Washington Township. At approximately 8:30 p.m., they observed the car in which defendant was riding come to a stop at the intersection of Jewell Road and 29 Mile Road. The officers stopped behind the car and noticed that it had no license registration light. As a consequence of this Observation, the officers stopped the car. Both officers exited their vehicle and approached the car in which the defendant was riding from the rear. Officer Fonger approached the driver's side while Officer Miller went to the passenger side. As he approached the door on defendant's side, Officer Miller shined his flashlight into the car and saw the top of what appeared to be a small prescription bottle in defendant's right hand. From a position approximately one and one-half feet behind the passenger seat near the car window, Officer Miller tapped on the window and observed the defendant put his hand between the seat and door and drop the bottle. The officer tapped again and defendant rolled down his window. Officer Miller then asked defendant what he had dropped on the floor and defendant denied dropping anything on the floor. Defendant was then asked to leave the car and acquiesced in Officer Miller's request to search the car. During the ensuing search, the vial was discovered under the passenger seat. Subsequent analysis revealed that the vial contained two packets of heroin.
Defendant raises two issues on appeal. Because we believe that the search which produced the vial of heroin violated defendant's constitutional right against illegal search and seizure, we need not consider these two issues. We reverse.
At the outset we are met by the fact that this issue was not raised below or here on appeal by defendant's attorney. Ordinarily we do not review errors not properly preserved for appeal. However, where the failure to preserve a constitutional right is a mistake of sufficient importance, an appellate court may be obliged to grant a defendant a new trial. While the Constitution does not guarantee that a lawyer will not err in his conduct of a trial, it does guarantee a fair trial. It is thus our duty to protect a defendant's rights as part of our power to control the administration of justice where the trial attorney has failed to do so. The proper standard for granting a new trial is whether the mistake was of such serious importance that, had it been raised below, the defendant might not have been convicted. People v. Degraffenreid, 19 Mich. App. 702, 715-716 (1969). It is clear then that when a right is not properly preserved below, an appellate court must examine the evidence to see if (1) it was erroneously admitted, and (2) if its exclusion would probably have meant acquittal for the defendant. People v. Gunn, 34 Mich. App. 106 (1971). There is no question that, if the heroin had been excluded, defendant would have been acquitted. The issue for our discussion is whether the evidence is admissible.
On the facts before us, we cannot hold that a valid consent to this search was given. To constitute a voluntary consent to a warrantless search, the record should indicate that the accused was advised of his rights, informed that he need not submit to the search, and that the fruits thereof could be used against him. People v. Zeigler, 358 Mich. 355 (1960).
There is no question that the police had a right to stop the car in which defendant was riding for a minor traffic offense. This fact, however, does not render constitutional the search of the vehicle. People v. Gonzales, 356 Mich. 247 (1959). A police officer may, incident to a lawful arrest for a traffic violation, search for items which are illegal for the accused to possess. To do so, however, the officer must have probable cause to believe that the motorist possesses contraband. Grundstrom v. Beto, 273 F. Supp. 912 (ND Tex, 1967); People v. Gonzales, supra. Stated another way, the officer must act on some fact or circumstance or upon some such information that would create in his mind a reasonable and honest belief that the law was being violated. People v. Goss, 246 Mich. 524, 525-526 (1929).
"In dealing with probable cause, however, as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. These are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act." Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175; 69 S Ct 1302, 1310; 93 L Ed 1879, 1890 (1949).
Officer Miller acted on defendant's "furtive gesture" and his negative reply to the question put to him. Under the circumstances revealed on this record, we do not believe defendant's actions were sufficient to create probable cause for the search.
The question of when a furtive gesture creates probable cause to justify a warrantless search is one that has been considered several times by our courts. In People v. Evans, 3 Mich. App. 1 (1966), the defendant was discovered at 4:45 a.m. crouched behind a trash can after the police had observed him walking rapidly. He was found holding a package containing liquor. The Court held that the search was reasonable. In doing so, the Court reviewed the applicable cases and stated, at pp 4-7:
"The most recent case is In re Winkle (1964), 372 Mich. 292, which upheld the search of an automobile and the seizure of burglary tools contained therein by State Police officers, who stopped the car for a traffic violation at 2 a.m. The search was made after the officers were informed that the car was not registered in the name of either occupant, the occupants were from Indiana, the driver displayed a Florida driver's license, and they were told radically conflicting stories by each of the two occupants as to their residence, destination, the purpose of their trip, and the length of their intended stay. The Court held that all these circumstances justified the search.
"In People v. Kuntze [(1963), 371 Mich. 419], the court held a search and seizure under somewhat different circumstances to be reasonable. In that case, State Police troopers had been notified that occupants of a car were `shining' deer in a field and that a shot had been heard. As the troopers approached the vicinity in which the shot had been heard, they saw the defendant's car turn off into a side road and then go to a nearby farmyard, where the officers knew they had no right to be, and where the headlights on the defendant's car were extinguished. A few hundred feet beyond the side road, on to which the defendants had turned, the officers came upon another car, stopped alongside the highway. The occupants of this car informed the officers that their car was not operating properly and, upon the officers' request, they voluntarily opened the car's trunk. Finding nothing, the officers returned to their patrol car. They then noticed the headlights of defendant's car had been turned on again and that defendant's vehicle was returning to the highway. As defendant's car drove by, the officers noticed it did not have a light illuminating its license plate. They then pulled up alongside the left side of defendant's car and signalled defendants to stop, by turning on the patrol car's oscillating roof light and spotlight, and by sounding its horn. When defendants failed to respond to their signals, the troopers swung in behind the defendant's car and flashed their spotlight into the rear window of defendant's car as a signal to stop. The spotlight revealed to the officers two of the defendants bending forward and moving their shoulders and arms in what seemed to them to be an effort to stuff an object under the front seat on which all the occupants were sitting. The defendant's car then stopped and the patrol car stopped behind it. As the troopers approached the car, one of them noticed what appeared to be blood spots and smears on the shoulders and backs of the white sweat shirts of the two passengers in defendant's car. He thereupon ordered them out of the car. As they got out, the other trooper observed in the beam of his flashlight a leg of a deer protruding from under the front seat. He then ordered the driver out of the car and extracted the hind quarter of a deer. The court held that the blood-spattered appearance of two of the defendants, the defendants' brief detour into the farmyard, their delay in responding to the police officers' signal to stop their car, and the furtive actions of the blood-spattered defendants during the chase together constituted probable cause to believe that the defendants had committed a felony or were in the process of committing a felony.
"The facts in People v. Lewis (1934), 269 Mich. 382, bear a closer similarity to the facts of the instant case. After dark, one evening, Detroit police officers saw a car not properly displaying a rear light pass their cruiser at a high rate of speed. They overtook the car within a distance of two blocks and stopped it at the curb. It was occupied by the defendant and another man who was driving. When they halted the car, the officers saw the defendant fumbling in his coat pocket with his right hand. The officers thereupon placed the defendant under arrest and searched him, and a .380 Colt automatic pistol was found in his pocket. The Court unanimously held the search in that case to be reasonable, under all these circumstances.
" People v. Licavoli (1928), 245 Mich. 202, is quite similar in its facts to the Lewis Case. The arresting officers had found the defendant sitting in a parked car one afternoon and drove up alongside the car because they had been looking for the defendant to question him. As the police drove up, the defendant started squirming around as if he were going for something in his pocket. The officers jumped out of their cruiser and walked over to the side of the car in which the defendant was sitting because they thought the defendant was going to get a gun. One of the officers drew his gun, took the defendant out of the car, and arrested him. An immediate search revealed a .45 caliber pistol which the defendant had stuck down the back of his trousers. Under those circumstances, the Supreme Court sustained the trial court's denial of defendant's motion to suppress the evidence."
Subsequent to Evans, supra, this Court decided People v. Reeves, 23 Mich. App. 183 (1970), and People v. Hall, 40 Mich. App. 329 (1972). In Reeves, two police officers observed the defendant run from a hotel and enter a legally parked cab. As they approached the cab, they saw the defendant remove an envelope from his stocking and throw it on the floor. One of the officers opened the cab door and removed the envelope; the envelope contained cocaine. This Court reversed defendant's conviction. We held that merely seeing defendant drop the envelope did not create probable cause for arrest. At most, it gave rise to a general suspicion. 23 Mich App at 188.
In Hall, supra, two officers stopped defendants' van when they observed that only one headlight was operating. While one of the officers was advising the driver of the reason for the stop, defendant Hall was seen, for the first time, laying in the back of the vehicle. One of the officers then went to the back of the van and shined his flashlight in to see who or what was there. As the officer was doing this, defendant Leach took his jacket, which was draped over the driver's seat, and dropped it into the back seat. Just before it hit a mattress which was in the rear of the van, the officer observed a clear plastic bag and a clear plastic bottle. The jacket was thrown over these two items. On observing this movement, the officer entered the vehicle and uncovered the bag and bottle. They contained marijuana. This Court affirmed the convictions. We held that defendant Leach's actions after the officer shined his light into the van created a strong inference that he was attempting to conceal something from the police.
Hall relies on People v. Evans, 3 Mich. App. 1, 7 (1966), to summarize the law with regard to furtive gestures in Michigan:
"All of these cases seem to be based upon the theory that when a person, upon discovering that he is being observed by the police, takes obviously evasive action, he gives the police reasonable cause to believe that he is committing or has committed a felony or is in the process of committing a misdemeanor, thereby justifying immediate search and seizure. This Court concludes, therefore, that the defendant Evans, by evading and hiding from the police, gave them sufficient reason to make immediate search and seizure."
See, also, People v. Torralva, 17 Cal.App.3d 686; 94 Cal.Rptr. 900 (1971); People v. Charles Wilson, 27 Mich. App. 171 (1970). We agree that an obviously evasive action by a person who is aware that he is being observed by the police is one factor to be considered in the probable cause formula. United States v. Day, 331 F. Supp. 254 (ED Pa, 1971). However, a close examination of the Michigan cases reveals that a mere furtive gesture standing alone does not create probable cause to search an automobile. The reason for this was best stated in People v. Superior Court of Yolo County, 3 Cal.3d 807, 817-818; 91 Cal.Rptr. 729, 734-735; 478 P.2d 449, 454-455 (1970):
"The theory, of course, is that although the officer does not actually see any contraband from outside the vehicle, he may reasonably infer from the timing and direction of the occupant's movements that the latter is in fact in possession of contraband which he is endeavoring to hide. From the viewpoint of the actor, the theory rests on a sound psychological basis: `It is a natural impulse on confrontation to hide immediately any contraband' (People v. Jiminez, 143 Cal.App.2d 671, 674; 300 P.2d 68, 70). We can posit that sudden efforts at concealment, like flight from the scene of a crime, may well be expressions of consciousness of guilt. On the other hand, the same motion may in fact have an entirely innocuous purpose: `It is recognized that a person's reasons for concealment may run the whole spectrum from the most legitimate motives to the most heinous' (People v. Weitzer supra, 269 Cal.App.2d 274, 292; 75 Cal.Rptr. 318, 330).
"The difficulty is that from the viewpoint of the observer, an innocent gesture can often be mistaken for a guilty movement. He must not only perceive the gesture accurately, he must also interpret it in accordance with the actor's true intent. But if words are not infrequently ambiguous, gestures are even more so. Many are wholly nonspecific, and can be assigned a meaning only in their context. Yet the observer may view that context quite otherwise from the actor: not only is his vantage point different, he may even have approached the scene with a preconceived notion — consciously or subconsciously — of what gestures he expected to see and what he expected them to mean. The potential for misunderstanding in such a situation is obvious.
"It is because of this danger that the law requires more than a mere `furtive gesture' to constitute probable cause to search or to arrest. The United States Supreme Court recently reaffirmed this rule in the case of Sibron v. New York (1968) 392 U.S. 40, 66-67; 88 S Ct 1889, 1904; 20 L Ed 2d 917, 937: `deliberately furtive actions and flight at the approach of strangers or law officers are strong indicia of mens rea, and when coupled with specific knowledge on the part of the officer relating the suspect to the evidence of crime, they are proper factors to be considered in the decision to make an arrest.' (Italics added.) That knowledge, of course, may be derived from the usual twin sources of information and observation; stating the rule for California, the court in People v. Tyler (1961), 193 Cal.App.2d 728, 732; 14 Cal.Rptr. 610, 612, declared: `As it is the information known to the police officers or the suspicious circumstances which turn an ordinary gesture into a furtive one, it is equally clear in this state that in the absence of information or other suspicious circumstances, a furtive gesture alone is not sufficient * * * .'"
People v. Kuntze, 371 Mich. 419 (1963), People v. Lewis, 269 Mich. 382 (1934), and People v. Licavoli, 245 Mich. 202 (1928), are all distinguishable from the instant case. In Kuntze, the contraband was in "plain view". See, also, People v. McDonald, 13 Mich. App. 226 (1968); People v. Alexander, 26 Mich. App. 321 (1970). In Lewis and Licavoli, the defendants themselves, not the cars in which they were riding, were searched under circumstances which justified a protective search for the officers' safety. See Grundstrom v. Beto, supra.
In In re Winkle, 372 Mich. 292 (1964); People v. Evans, 3 Mich. App. 1 (1966); and People v. Hall, 40 Mich. App. 329 (1972), the searches were justified under the total circumstances known to the officers at the time of each search. In Winkle, it was the totality of circumstances; no registration for the car, an Indiana license plate on the car while the driver had a Florida license, and the variance in stories given by the occupants. In Evans and Hall, the defendants' actions were such that it was obvious the defendants' actions were motivated by a desire to hide something.
In the instant case, the circumstances did not justify the search. When the officers stopped the car in which defendant was riding they had no reason to believe that he had contraband in his possession. The movement which Officer Miller saw was not as obviously evasive as those found in Evans and Hall. See, also, People v. Torralva, supra. While Officer Miller did see defendant drop something, there could have been several explanations for it, i.e., it could have been dropped accidentally as defendant was going to roll down the window. The officer had no idea whether anything was in the bottle and, if so, whether it was contraband. Defendant could have been hiding any number of things from the police. The officer thus had to infer that defendant's actions were evasive; that something was in the vial and that, if something was in the vial, it was contraband. At most, the officer had a mere suspicion. See, e.g., United States v. Day, supra. Mere suspicion is not probable cause.
The fact that the defendant denied dropping anything does not raise the officer's suspicion to probable cause. The officer's inquiry was reasonable to allay any suspicions he may have had. Defendant had three options: he could have explained his actions, consented to a search, or refused to cooperate. In effect, defendant chose the last option. In such a case, probable cause must be based on specific facts and circumstances other than a negative response. Gallik v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County, 5 Cal.3d 855; 97 Cal.Rptr. 693; 489 P.2d 573 (1971). In the instant case there were no such facts or circumstances. There being no probable cause to believe that defendant possessed contraband, the search of the car in which he was riding was invalid and the evidence obtained as a consequence of it was inadmissible.
Reversed and remanded.
All concurred.