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rejecting contention that CALCRIM No. 1193 will lead the jury to improperly use CSAAS testimony to find the defendant is guilty
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2d Crim. No. B296380
07-20-2020
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Frederick Louis MUNCH, Defendant and Appellant.
Sanger Swysen & Dunkle, Stephen K. Dunkle, Santa Barbara, for Defendant and Appellant. Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Johnsen and Blythe J. Leszkay, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Certified for Partial Publication.
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for partial publication. The portions of this opinion to be deleted from publication are identified as those portions between double brackets, e.g., [[/]].
Sanger Swysen & Dunkle, Stephen K. Dunkle, Santa Barbara, for Defendant and Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Johnsen and Blythe J. Leszkay, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
GILBERT, P. J. Frederick Louis Munch appeals a judgment following his conviction of three counts of forcible lewd acts upon a child ( Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (b)(1) ); forcible sexual penetration (§ 289, subd. (a)(1)(B)); aggravated sexual assault on a child (§ 269, subd. (a)(5)); and four counts of lewd acts on a child ( § 288, subd. (a) ). The trial court sentenced him to an aggregate determinate term of 26 years, plus a consecutive indeterminate term of 15 years to life in prison.
Twenty-nine years ago, in People v. McAlpin (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1289, 1300, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563, our Supreme Court held that expert testimony on "the common reactions of child molestation victims," known as CSAAS, child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, "is admissible to rehabilitate such witness's credibility when the defendant suggests that the child's conduct after the incident – e.g., a delay in reporting – is inconsistent with his or her testimony claiming molestation."
Munch argues McAlpin is out of date. He contends that changes in the public perceptions of child abuse and decisions in other jurisdictions require us to reevaluate the prejudicial effect of CSAAS evidence.
In the published portion of this opinion, we discuss why CSAAS evidence is a valid and necessary component of the prosecution case in matters involving child abuse. We conclude the reasoning of McAlpin is as valid today as it was in 1991 and affirm.
FACTS
The tawdry details of the facts of this case are not necessary for the published portion of our opinion. Suffice it to say that from the ages of six to 11 years, Jane Doe was subjected to various acts of sexual abuse by defendant Munch.
See footnote *, ante .
Police Investigation
In a search of Munch's residence, police found 150 photographs of Jane Doe. Deputy Sheriff Jonathan Fleming testified that in one "selfie" photograph, Munch is "topless" standing near Jane Doe who "appears to be topless and in her underwear and looks to be pulling up her shorts." She was holding her shorts "around the knee area." In another photograph, Jane Doe is wearing "black tights or leggings" and a shirt with "see-through sleeves," and "part of her midriff is exposed." In another, she is in "a ballet pose" with a label attached to the picture with the phrase "[l]ong and lean." Another photo shows Jane Doe in a "denim top with no sleeves" and a skirt with her midriff exposed. A label on the back of the photo contains the phrase "[l]ooking grown up at eight years."
On one of Munch's cell phones, there were 111 photos of Jane Doe. On another, there were 84 photos. In one of those photos, Jane Doe is in a "bathing suit" with a background of rocks and pebbles. In another, she is wearing "purple and yellowish colored shorts."
Munch's Admissions to the Police
During a police interview, Munch said he and Jane Doe "were affectionate" and related facts concerning his conduct with her.
See footnote *, ante .
CSAAS Expert Testimony
Anthony Urquiza, a psychologist, testified on the "characteristics of children who have been impacted by sexual abuse." He said he had no information about this case other than the name of the defendant. He was not testifying to "indicate whether or not sexual assaults took place or occurred here."
Urquiza testified that most children are sexually abused by someone with whom they have some preexisting relationship. Some children "often have a tremendous sense of ambivalence because they may like the person who sexually abuses them, but not like being abused." Abused children may often return to the abuser because they have learned to "compartmentalize and tolerate the experience of abuse" and may still "want to be around" the abuser. Most child abuse victims have a significant delay in reporting abuse. It may be months or years before they reveal it. Abused children often "detach" themselves from those experiences, do not appear to be distressed, and usually do not want to talk about the experience. Abused children do not always "report the abuse the same way each time they talk about the abuse."
Defense Case
Munch testified that he was 70 years old and recovering from prostate cancer. From December 1, 2016, to the time of his arrest, he had "difficulties with ejaculation and erection" and wore a "leg bag" during that period to "void" his bladder. He began providing care for Jane Doe eight or nine years ago.
Munch testified that various acts over the years that occurred between Jane Doe and him were at her request.
See footnote *, ante .
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DISCUSSION
Admission of CSAAS Evidence
Munch contends the trial court erred by admitting expert testimony on CSAAS because it is irrelevant and "the public no longer holds the presumed misconceptions this testimony purports to address." He claims he is entitled to a reversal of the judgment. We disagree.
Our Supreme Court has rejected Munch's contentions. It ruled that CSAAS evidence "is admissible to rehabilitate such witness's credibility when the defendant suggests that the child's conduct after the incident – e.g., a delay in reporting – is inconsistent with his or her testimony claiming molestation." ( People v. McAlpin , supra , 53 Cal.3d at p. 1300, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563.) " ‘Such expert testimony is needed to disabuse jurors of commonly held misconceptions about child sexual abuse, and to explain the emotional antecedents of abused children's seemingly self-impeaching behavior.’ " ( Id. at p. 1301, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563.) Such evidence "is not admissible to prove that the complaining witness has in fact been sexually abused." ( Id. at p. 1300, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563.) "The expert is not allowed to give an opinion on whether a witness is telling the truth ...." ( People v. Long (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 865, 871, 24 Cal.Rptr.3d 654.) CSAAS evidence has been admitted by the courts of this state since the 1991 McAlpin decision.
Munch cites decisions from a small number of out-of-state courts that he claims reached a different result than McAlpin. He invites us to no longer follow McAlpin. We decline. That Supreme Court decision is binding on all lower courts in this state. ( Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455, 20 Cal.Rptr. 321, 369 P.2d 937.) That other jurisdictions may disagree with it does not change its impact on California cases. ( Ibid . )
Moreover, California is not alone in admitting this expert testimony. In McAlpin , the court said, " ‘The great majority of courts approve such expert rebuttal testimony.’ " ( People v. McAlpin , supra , 53 Cal.3d at p. 1301, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563.) New Trend to No Longer Admit CSAAS Evidence?
Munch claims several jurisdictions have decided to no longer admit CSAAS evidence because they have discovered its deficiencies. But many of the cases he cites from these jurisdictions do not support his position.
For example, Munch cites Commonwealth v. Dunkle (Penn. 1992) 529 Pa. 168, 602 A.2d 830 where the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled CSAAS evidence was inadmissible. But after the Dunkle decision, the Pennsylvania Legislature passed a law "providing for the admissibility of this type of expert testimony." ( Commonwealth v. Olivo (Penn. 2015) 633 Pa. 617, 127 A.3d 769, 780.)
Munch claims Washington has "held CSAAS evidence inadmissible." He cites State v. Maule (1983) 35 Wash.App. 287, 667 P.2d 96. But in State v. Jones (1993) 71 Wash.App. 798, 863 P.2d 85, 96, the court said, "More recent case law has brought into question the prohibition set forth in Maule ." They now approve "the use of expert testimony describing the behaviors of sexually abused children in general." ( Ibid . )
Munch cites a 1989 Ohio Court of Appeals case, State v. Davis (1989) 64 Ohio App.3d 334, 581 N.E.2d 604. But in 1998 the Ohio Supreme Court held, "An expert witness's testimony that the behavior of an alleged child victim of sexual abuse is consistent with behavior observed in sexually abused children is admissible ...." ( State v. Stowers (1998) 81 Ohio St.3d 260, 690 N.E.2d 881, 883.) " ‘Most jurors would not be aware, in their everyday experiences, of how sexually abused children might respond to abuse.’ " ( Ibid . )
Munch cites a Tennessee case, State v. Schimpf (Tenn.Crim.App. 1989) 782 S.W.2d 186, where the court held child sexual abuse expert testimony was inadmissible. But there the expert examined the victim and testified that the child "had, in fact, been sexually abused." ( Id. at p. 193.) The court's ruling that this invaded the jury's province is consistent with McAlpin . Moreover, in State v. Livingston (Tenn. 1995) 907 S.W.2d 392, 395, the Tennessee Supreme Court recognized that "child victims, in particular, commonly are reluctant to report such incidents and delay in doing so, or fail to provide a full report." That is consistent with much of Urquiza's testimony here.
Munch cites the language from a 1997 dissenting opinion of a Ninth Circuit justice. But he does not mention that in 2003 the Ninth Circuit stated, "[W]e have held that CSAAS testimony is admissible in federal child-sexual-abuse trials, when the testimony concerns general characteristics of victims and is not used to opine that a specific child is telling the truth." ( Brodit v. Cambra (9th Cir. 2003) 350 F.3d 985, 991.) This does not violate a defendant's right to due process. ( Ibid . ) Ninth Circuit decisions are consistent with McAlpin .
New Jersey and Kentucky Cases
Munch notes that in 2018 the New Jersey Supreme Court decided to no longer permit CSAAS expert testimony on all of Dr. Roland Summit's five common behaviors of sexually abused children: 1) secrecy, 2) helplessness, 3) accommodation, 4) delayed disclosure of abuse, and 5) recantation. ( State v. J.L.G. (2018) 234 N.J. 265, 190 A.3d 442, 451-452.) The court concluded that "only one type of behavior – delayed disclosure" had scientific acceptance. ( Id . at p. 463.)
But J.L.G. involves an aberrant view of CSAAS derived from a contested hearing where four experts testified. Fishman and McKenna note the court used a "restrictive Frye ‘general acceptance’ test" that may not be persuasive in jurisdictions not using that test, and "reasonable people can and no doubt will disagree as to the validity of the court's conclusions." (Fishman & McKenna, The Sharp Division as to the Admissibility of Expert Testimony; State v. J.L.G .; 7 Jones on Evidence (July 2019 update) § 57:5, p. 5.) The court was "overly dismissive of the ‘accommodation’ aspect of CSAAS." (Ibid .) It found accommodation "describes the straightforward reality that all child victims cope with sexual abuse in one way or another." ( State v. J.L.G., supra , 190 A.3d at p. 464, italics added.) But it would not allow this "reality" to be presented to juries.
The J.L.G. court also ruled that recantation is not a sufficiently common behavior of sexually abused children to be mentioned during CSAAS testimony. The court and some experts relied, in part, on a 2005 article that concluded only a tiny percentage of sexually abused children recant. (London-Bruck et al., Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse, What Does the Research Tell Us About the Ways that Children Tell? (Mar. 2005) 11 Psychol. Pub. Pol'y & Law 194 (PPP&L article).)
But this view has been challenged. The PPP&L article's "conclusion regarding recantation rates has itself been challenged by other professionals who have likewise reviewed the empirical data." (Parga, Legal and Scientific Issues Surrounding Victim Recantation in Child Sexual Abuse Cases (Spring 2008) 24 Ga.St.U.L.Rev. 779, 787.) The PPP&L article discredited studies showing higher recantation rates on the theory that children in those studies may have lied about being abused. But 1) a 2007 study of substantiated claims showed a recantation rate in the range of the studies the PPP&L article had rejected; 2) "strong empirical evidence exists to support the reality that sexually abused children do recant"; and 3) a "Gordon & Jaudes’ study illustrates a fifty percent recantation rate." (Shiu, Unwarranted Skepticism: The Federal Courts’ Treatment of Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome (Spring 2009) 18 So.Cal. Interdisc.L.J. 651, 672, 674, 675-676; Bochte, The Double-Edged Sword of Justice: The Need for Prosecutors To Take Care of Child Victims (Fall 2015) 35 Child. Legal Rts. J. 200, 213 [citing expert testimony showing "[b]etween thirty and forty percent of children recant"].) In addition to challenges to its statistical analysis, the PPP&L article's conclusion is also not consistent with the general view held by child abuse experts. (McCord, Expert Psychological Testimony About Child Complainants in Sexual Abuse Prosecutions (Spring 1986) 77 Journal Crim. L. & Criminology 1, 61.)
Recantation is a well-established common behavior of child sexual abuse victims. (Peters, Helpfulness of Expert Testimony - Expert Testimony on the Ultimate Issue, The Admissibility of Expert Testimony in Georgia (Sept. 2019 Update) § 2:5, p. 1 [CSAAS "describes certain characteristics common to child victims of sexual abuse, including the fact that disclosure of the abuse may be delayed, equivocal, or retracted"]; Myers et al., Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Litigation (1989) 68 Neb.L.Rev. 1, 87, 89-90 ; Cacciola, The Admissibility of Expert Testimony in Infrafamily Child Sexual Abuse Cases (1986) 34 UCLA L.Rev. 175, 188 ["After the child has disclosed the incident, it is not unusual for the child to deny later that the abuse occurred"]; In re Tristan R. (2009) 63 A.D.3d 1075, 1077, 883 N.Y.S.2d 229 [child's recantation is " ‘common among abused children’ "]; State v. Cain (Minn.Ct.App. 1988) 427 N.W.2d 5, 8 [recantation "is a frequent characteristic of child abuse victims"]; United States v. Miner (8th Cir. 1997) 131 F.3d 1271, 1274 ["expert testimony revealed that recantations are very common in child sexual abuse"].) The "child's recanting of her statement to family members is not atypical in sex abuse cases." ( Myatt v. Hannigan (10th Cir. 1990) 910 F.2d 680, 685, fn. 2.) It is "particularly common when family members are involved." ( U.S. v. Provost (8th Cir. 1992) 969 F.2d 617, 621.) Moreover, unlike J.L.G. , 28 states permit testimony on Summit's CSAAS child victim behaviors. ( King v. Commonwealth (Ky. 2015) 472 S.W.3d 523, 535 [statistics in Abramson's dissent].)
Munch claims Kentucky courts uniformly exclude CSAAS evidence. But there is a sharp disagreement between Kentucky Supreme Court justices over its admissibility. In Sanderson v. Commonwealth (Ky. 2009) 291 S.W.3d 610, the majority held it was inadmissible. But two justices disagreed. One urged the majority that "[t]he time is ripe to reconsider our position on CSAAS." ( Id . at p. 616, conc. opn. of Abramson, J.) The other justice said the majority was out of line with the modern judicial consensus about the admissibility of CSAAS evidence. ( Id. at p. 617, dis. opn. of Scott, J.) As one Kentucky jurist noted, Kentucky falls within the tiny minority of jurisdictions that do not recognize CSAAS. He said, "Altogether, forty-one states recognize the admissibility of CSAAS expert testimony for some purpose." ( King v. Commonwealth, supra, 472 S.W.3d at p. 535 [statistics in Abramson's dissent], italics added.)
Consequently, the vast majority of jurisdictions and many of the jurisdictions Munch highlights have rendered decisions that are consistent with McAlpin .
Lack of Scientific Reliability
Munch claims CSAAS evidence is inadmissible because its reliability was not initially evaluated under Kelly/Frye scientific reliability standards.
The People claim the CSAAS evidence is not subject to a Kelly/Frye analysis. We agree.
"Under the Kelly/Frye test, when expert testimony based on a new scientific technique is offered, the proponent of the testimony must first establish the reliability of the method and the qualifications of the witness. ‘Reliability of the evidence is established by showing "the procedure has been generally accepted ... in the scientific community in which it developed ...." ’ " ( People v. Harlan (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 439, 448, 271 Cal.Rptr. 653.)
But here we are not dealing with new experimental scientific evidence " ‘not previously accepted in court.’ " ( People v. Harlan, supra , 222 Cal.App.3d at p. 449, 271 Cal.Rptr. 653 ; People v. Phillips (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 69, 87, 175 Cal.Rptr. 703 ["We are not confronted here with the admissibility of evidence developed by some new scientific technique such as voiceprint identification"].)
The CSAAS evidence Munch challenges has been ruled to be properly admitted by the courts of this state for decades. ( People v. McAlpin, supra , 53 Cal.3d at pp. 1300-1301, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563 ; People v. Julian (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 878, 885, 246 Cal.Rptr.3d 517.) Munch's claim regarding a requirement of scientific reliability testing for its admissibility is not meritorious because courts have long recognized the well-established relevance, necessity, reliability, and importance of this evidence. ( Ibid. ; People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th 892, 906, 16 Cal.Rptr.3d 447, 94 P.3d 574 ; People v. Humphrey (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1073, 1088, 56 Cal.Rptr.2d 142, 921 P.2d 1 ; People v. Wells (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 179, 188, 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 762 ; People v. Housley (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 947, 955, 8 Cal.Rptr.2d 431 ; People v. Harlan, supra , 222 Cal.App.3d at p. 449, 271 Cal.Rptr. 653 ; People v. Gray (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 213, 218-219, 231 Cal.Rptr. 658 ; see also Brodit v. Cambra , supra , 350 F.3d at p. 991 ; United States v. Bighead (9th Cir. 1997) 128 F.3d 1329, 1330.)
The expert testimony here is "based on [the expert's] clinical experience with child sexual abuse victims and on [his or] her familiarity with professional literature in the area." ( People v. Harlan, supra , 222 Cal.App.3d at p. 449, 271 Cal.Rptr. 653.) "The Kelly/Frye rule does not apply to this type of evidence." ( Ibid. ; People v. Gray, supra , 187 Cal.App.3d at pp. 218-219, 231 Cal.Rptr. 658 [Kelly/Frye does not apply].) Such expert testimony meets "traditional standards for competent expert opinion, without need for additional screening procedures [under Kelly/Frye ]." ( People v. Stoll (1989) 49 Cal.3d 1136, 1161, 265 Cal.Rptr. 111, 783 P.2d 698 ; see also People v. McAlpin, supra , 53 Cal.3d at pp. 1300-1301, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563 ; United States v. Bighead , supra , 128 F.3d at p. 1330 [CSAAS evidence is admissible and Frye does not apply]; State v. Jones, supra , 863 P.2d 85, 99 [Frye does not bar CSAAS evidence "used to rebut an inference that certain behaviors of the victim ... are inconsistent with abuse"].)
Moreover, Munch has ample means to challenge the validity of this expert testimony by cross-examination and making a voir dire examination of the expert's qualifications. The subject matter of this testimony may be challenged by examining the source materials and studies on which the expert relies. Here Munch's trial counsel cross-examined Urquiza regarding his compensation, his history of testifying for the prosecution, his contacts with the district attorney's office, and his knowledge of Summit's articles and conclusions regarding sexually abused children.
Here the CSAAS evidence was not being used as scientific proof that a child had, in fact, been abused. On cross-examination, Urquiza agreed with the defense position that "there is no research-based clinical method to make a determination as to whether a child was abused or not." That is a determination properly left to the triers of fact.
The CALCRIM No. 1193 Instruction
Munch claims the trial court erred by giving the jury a CALCRIM No. 1193 jury instruction. We disagree.
The trial court instructed the jury: "You have heard testimony from Dr. Anthony Urquiza regarding child sexual abuse victims. Dr. Anthony Urquiza's testimony about child sexual abuse victims is not evidence that the defendant committed any of the crimes charged against him. You may consider this evidence only in deciding whether or not Jane Doe's conduct was not inconsistent with the conduct of someone who has been molested, and in evaluating the believability of their testimony." (Italics added.)
Munch contends this instruction reduces the prosecution's burden of proof because it "effectively instructs the jury that they may take [Urquiza's] testimony as evidence of the defendant's guilt." He claims instructing jurors that they may use it "in evaluating the believability" of the child's testimony means they will improperly use it to find the defendant is guilty.
But we rejected these contentions in People v. Gonzales (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 494, 504, 224 Cal.Rptr.3d 421. There we said, "The purpose of CSAAS is to understand a child's reactions when they have been abused. [¶] A reasonable juror would understand CALCRIM No. 1193 to mean that the jury can use [the expert's] testimony to conclude that [the child's] behavior does not mean she lied when she said she was abused. The jury also would understand it cannot use [the expert's] testimony to conclude [the child] was, in fact, molested. The CSAAS evidence simply neutralizes the victim's apparently self-impeaching behavior . Thus, under CALCRIM No. 1193, a juror who believes [the expert's] testimony will find both that [the child's] apparently self-impeaching behavior does not affect her believability one way or the other, and that the CSAAS evidence does not show she had been molested. There is no conflict in the instruction." ( Ibid. )
The trial court did not err in giving this instruction. It also gave a separate instruction during trial that the jurors could not consider CSAAS evidence as proof that Munch committed the charged crimes. The combination of that instruction with CALCRIM No. 1193 would not provide any reasonable juror grounds to believe CSAAS evidence could be used in the way Munch suggests. Moreover, any alleged error in giving the CALCRIM No. 1193 instruction would not constitute reversible error given the facts of this case. ( People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 173-176, 77 Cal.Rptr.2d 870, 960 P.2d 1094 ; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 835-837, 299 P.2d 243.)
Evidence Code Section 352Munch contends the expert testimony on CSAAS was "not relevant to any material issue in dispute" and the trial court erred by not excluding it because of its prejudicial impact. We disagree.
Evidence Code section 352 provides, in part, that "[t]he court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will ... create substantial danger of undue prejudice ...." " ‘In applying section 352, "prejudicial" is not synonymous with "damaging." ’ " ( People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638, 250 Cal.Rptr. 659, 758 P.2d 1189.) It involves evidence that tends to "evoke an emotional bias against the defendant ... which has very little effect on the issues." ( Ibid . )
Here on cross-examination Jane Doe testified about love letters she wrote to Munch and her long delay in reporting his conduct. The CSAAS evidence was relevant to advise jurors that such normally self-impeaching behavior is not unusual for sexually abused children. ( People v. McAlpin, supra , 53 Cal.3d at p. 1300, 283 Cal.Rptr. 382, 812 P.2d 563.)
Urquiza's testimony was relatively short and benign as compared to the highly relevant explicit details of the sexual offenses Jane Doe testified about. ( People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 405, 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 646, 867 P.2d 757.) The potential prejudicial impact of Urquiza's testimony was also reduced because Urquiza testified that he knew no facts about this case. ( People v. Housley, supra , 6 Cal.App.4th at pp. 955-956, 8 Cal.Rptr.2d 431.) No reasonable juror could believe his testimony was an attempt to prove Munch committed the charged offenses. ( Ibid . ) Urquiza testified that he was not testifying to "indicate whether or not sexual assaults took place or occurred here." Before Urquiza testified, the trial court properly gave the jury a cautionary instruction. The court said, "This testimony is not evidence in any way that the defendant committed any of the crimes charged against him." We presume the jury followed this instruction. ( People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1, 34, 40 Cal.Rptr.2d 481, 892 P.2d 1224.)
Moreover, Munch has not shown any reasonable probability of a different result had this evidence been excluded. ( People v. Watson, supra , 46 Cal.2d at pp. 835-837, 299 P.2d 243.) Munch's admissions to the police and his trial testimony were highly incriminating. They provided strong evidence showing his sexual relationship with the child, his motives, and his continuous participation in sexual acts with her. Munch testified that he knew that by disclosing the facts of his sexual relationship with Jane Doe to the detectives that he was "admitting to a felony ." (Italics added.) His admissions to the police and his trial testimony, in significant part, corroborated Jane Doe's testimony against him. The jury could reasonably find any self-serving portions of his testimony were not credible. Munch admitted that he was not "entirely truthful" with police when he was initially questioned. He testified he initially was trying to hide the fact that he "had sexual contact" with the child. This showed his consciousness of guilt. ( People v. Cain, supra , 10 Cal.4th at p. 34, 40 Cal.Rptr.2d 481, 892 P.2d 1224.)
We have reviewed Munch's remaining contentions and we conclude he has not shown grounds for reversal. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
We concur:
PERREN, J.
TANGEMAN, J.