Opinion
Docket No. 91559.
Decided November 18, 1986.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Nathan T. Fairchild, Prosecuting Attorney, and Tonatzin M. Alfaro Garcia, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Herb Jordan), for defendant on appeal.
In 1981, defendant pled guilty to armed robbery. MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. He was sentenced to from thirty-five to seventy years in prison. Defendant then appealed as of right to this Court, which affirmed. People v. McNeal, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided August 19, 1983 (Docket No. 59311). The Supreme Court thereafter, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, remanded the case to this Court "for reconsideration in light of People v. Coles, 417 Mich. 523 (1983)." People v. McNeal, 419 Mich. 891; 349 N.W.2d 511 (1984). This Court disposed of the case by order dated October 5, 1984 (No. 79236), remanding the case to the trial court for reconsideration in light of Coles, supra.
On remand, the trial court resentenced defendant to the original thirty-five- to seventy-year prison term. Defendant again appealed and this Court reversed and remanded for resentencing before a different judge, holding that defendant had been denied his right of allocution. People v. McNeal, 150 Mich. App. 85; 389 N.W.2d 708 (1985). On that remand, the trial court imposed a sentence of life in prison. Defendant once again appeals and we once again reverse.
Defendant's sole issue on appeal is that the trial court impermissibly imposed a greater sentence on remand than the one to which defendant was originally sentenced. We agree.
We begin by briefly noting that a parolable life term is, as a matter of law, a lengthier sentence than any term of years, even though a defendant sentenced to life in prison may be eligible for parole before a defendant sentenced to a lengthy term of years. People v. Lindsey, 139 Mich. App. 412, 415; 362 N.W.2d 304 (1984). See also People v. Hutchinson, 155 Mich. App. 84; 399 N.W.2d 448 (1986) (comparison of parolable life sentences and indeterminate sentences under Proposal B).
Thus, defendant's life term, received at the second resentencing, is harsher than the thirty-five to seventy years in prison he received at the original sentencing and the first resentencing. While it is within a sentencing judge's authority to impose a harsher sentence on resentencing following a successful appeal than that originally imposed, that authority is restricted. See North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711; 89 S Ct 2072; 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969); People v. Jones, 403 Mich. 527; 271 N.W.2d 515 (1978).
The Supreme Court further explained the Pearce doctrine in Wasman v. United States, 468 U.S. 559; 104 S Ct 3217; 82 L Ed 2d 424 (1984). Therein, the Court stated the purpose of the Pearce decision:
To prevent actual vindictiveness from entering into a decision and allay any fear on the part of a defendant that an increased sentence is in fact the product of vindictiveness, the Court fashioned what in essence is a "prophylactic rule," see Colton v. Kentucky, 407 U.S. 104, 116 [ 32 L Ed 2d 584; 92 S Ct 1953] (1972), that "whenever a judge imposes a more severe sentence upon a defendant after a new trial, the reasons for his doing so must affirmatively appear." 395 U.S. 726 [ 23 L Ed 2d 656; 89 S Ct 2072]. This rule has been read to "[apply] a presumption of vindictiveness, which may be overcome only by objective information in the record justifying the increased sentence." United States v. Goodwin, 457 U.S. 368, 374 [ 73 L Ed 2d 74; 102 S Ct 2485] (1982). The rationale for requiring that "the factual data upon which the increased sentence is based" be made part of the record, of course, is that the "constitutional legitimacy," of the enhanced sentence may thereby be readily assessed on appeal. Ibid. [ 468 U.S. 564-565.]
The Wasman Court went on to state that a sentencing judge may justify the imposition of a harsher sentence under certain circumstances:
We hold that after retrial and conviction following a defendant's successful appeal, a sentencing authority may justify an increased sentence by affirmatively identifying relevant conduct or events that occurred subsequent to the original sentencing proceedings. 395 U.S. 726 [ 23 L Ed 2d 656; 89 S Ct 2072]. [ 468 U.S. 572. Footnote omitted.]
The omitted footnote indicated that the Court declined to consider whether a harsher sentence could be justified by reference to an event or conduct occurring before the original sentence.
In the case at bar, the sentencing judge at the second resentencing based his imposition of a life term on the facts of the underlying crime. While the sentencing judge did make reference to defendant's mixed performance in prison, the judge's comments suggest that he considered defendant's prison conduct to be a neutral factor, or, perhaps, even slightly positive.
Thus, we must decide the question which the United States Supreme Court declined to address in Wasman, supra; namely, whether events occurring before imposition of the original sentence may be used to justify the imposition of a harsher sentence on resentencing. We conclude they may not be so considered.
The Michigan Supreme Court, in People v. Payne, 386 Mich. 84, 96-97; 191 N.W.2d 375 (1971), rev'd on other grounds 412 U.S. 47; 93 S Ct 1966; 36 L Ed 2d 736 (1973), interpreted Pearce, supra, as prohibiting the use of events occurring prior to the original sentencing to justify the imposition of a harsher sentence:
Pending clarification of Pearce's requirements by the United States Supreme Court, we are persuaded that those courts are correct which have interpreted Pearce to require that the "identifiable conduct" of the defendant upon which a resentencing judge relies in imposing a stiffer sentence must have occurred after the first sentencing. That the Pearce Court intended this result is evidenced by Mr. Justice White's one sentence opinion advocating the opposite result:
"I join the Court's opinion except that in my view Part II-C [standards and procedures governing harsher sentence upon reconviction] should authorize an increased sentence on retrial based on any objective, identifiable factual data not known to the trial judge at the time of the original sentencing proceeding." [ Pearce, supra, p 751. Emphasis in original.]
The people urge us to follow the majority opinion in People v. Mazzie, 137 Mich. App. 60; 357 N.W.2d 805 (1984), lv gtd 422 Mich. 974 (1985). The Mazzie majority concluded that the ruling in Payne was no longer viable in light of Wasman, supra:
The Michigan Supreme Court in People v. Payne, 386 Mich. 84; 191 N.W.2d 375 (1971), rev'd on other grounds 412 U.S. 47; 93 S Ct 1966; 36 L Ed 2d 736 (1973), interpreted North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711; 89 S Ct 2072; 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969), as requiring that the "identifiable conduct" of a defendant that a sentencing judge may rely upon in imposing a more severe sentence must have occurred "after" the first sentence. This interpretation was wrong as evidenced in Wasman v. United States, [468] US [559]; 104 S Ct 3217; 82 L Ed 2d 424 (1984). In Wasman, the Court said Pearce did not prevent consideration of criminal acts committed prior to the original sentencing. [ Mazzie, supra, pp 68-69.]
We believe that the Mazzie majority misinterpreted Wasman. The Wasman Court, while allowing the use of a conviction which occurred after the original sentencing, even though based on a crime committed before the original sentencing, specifically noted that it was not faced with the question of whether events occurring before the original sentencing may be considered:
The Solicitor General argues that the "temporal limitation" imposed by Pearce on information that may be considered by a sentencing authority is unnecessary to advance the policies underlying that decision. However, the question whether an increased sentence can be justified by reference to an event or conduct occurring before the original sentencing is not presented in this case. [ Wasman, 468 U.S. 572, n[*].]
This author's dissent in Mazzie continued to adhere to the Payne ruling:
In People v. Payne, 386 Mich. 84; 191 N.W.2d 375 (1971), the Michigan Supreme Court interpreted North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711; 89 S Ct 2972; 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969), as requiring that the "identifiable conduct" of the defendant that a sentencing judge may rely upon in imposing a more severe sentence must have occurred "after" the first sentence. The trial judge erred by increasing the defendant's sentence. Judge Townsend's expressed reasons for imposing a harsher sentence all relate to the facts adduced at trial relating to defendant's heinous crime that were not known by the prior sentencing judge. The record of the second sentencing does not disclose "objective information concerning identifiable conduct on the part of defendant occurring after the time of the original sentencing proceeding." Payne, supra, p 97. [ Mazzie, supra, pp 72-73 (R.B. BURNS, P.J., dissenting.]
We conclude that Payne has continuing validity in light of Wasman. Furthermore, since the sentencing judge in the instant case imposed a harsher sentence based upon events occurring prior to the original sentencing, namely, the events of the crime itself, defendant's sentence must be vacated.
We also note that the sentencing judge stated that he was uncertain as to whether a life sentence was a harsher sentence than that originally imposed. We fail to understand why the sentencing judge should have been uncertain since Lindsey, supra, had been released over a year before. However, the sentencing judge's confusion, and apparent lack of concern, over the question of whether or not he was imposing a harsher sentence compels the necessity of a remand even more.
There remains the question of the remedy to be fashioned in this case. Defendant requests that we merely amend the sentence to be from ten to seventy years. He argues that this would be the appropriate remedy since the seventy-year maximum represents the maximum originally imposed and the ten-year minimum reflects the minimum sentence he would have had to serve on the parolable life term.
See Hutchinson, supra.
We reject defendant's proposed remedy. First, our conclusion does not prevent the trial court from imposing a sentence harsher than that originally imposed. We concluded that the harsher sentence was not justified by the sentencing judge, not that a harsher sentence was unjustifiable. Secondly, this Court has never held that defendant's original sentence of from thirty-five to seventy years shocked our conscience; we are still waiting for the trial court to properly sentence defendant after considering the teachings of People v. Coles, supra. Finally the trial court might well decide that an appropriate sentence might involve a minimum term greater than ten years, but less than thirty-five years (and, similarly, a maximum term other than seventy years). A prison term of from twenty to fifty years, for example, would be more lenient than both defendant's original sentence and his parolable life sentence.
See McNeal, 150 Mich. App. 90.
See Lindsey, supra. Of course, we express no opinion as to whether that sentence itself would be appropriate.
Accordingly, we find it necessary to again remand for resentencing. While we do not forbid the sentencing court from imposing a sentence harsher than thirty-five to seventy years, any such sentence must be justified by reference to events or conduct occurring after the original sentencing.
Reversed and remanded with instructions that the case is to be reassigned to a different circuit judge for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.
M. WARSHAWSKY, J., concurred.
WAHLS, J., concurs in the result only.