Opinion
Submitted Sept. 3, 2008, at Lansing.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, B. Eric Restuccia, Solicitor General, Kym L. Worthy, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and Carolyn M. Breen, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Mark R. Hall for the defendant.
Before: WHITBECK, P.J., and BANDSTRA and DONOFRIO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
[280 Mich.App. 681] Defendant Anthony McGee appeals as of right his jury conviction of carjacking and assault with the intent to rob while armed. The trial court sentenced McGee to concurrent terms of 5 to 20 years' imprisonment. We affirm. We decide this appeal without oral argument.
I. BASIC FACTS
On March 5, 2007, at approximately 4:00 or 4:30 p.m., Roscoe Anderson was repairing a car in the parking lot of the apartment complex where he resided when McGee walked into the parking lot. McGee asked Anderson for a cigarette, and Anderson got into his vehicle to look for a cigarette in his coat pocket. McGee then reached into his coat, brandished a handgun, and told Anderson to " step out" of the car. Anderson felt surprised and threatened, and he complied with McGee's request. McGee got into the car and drove to the end of the parking lot where he picked up his girlfriend and then left the scene. McGee and his girlfriend turned themselves in to the police several days later.
II. DOUBLE JEOPARDY
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
McGee argues that his convictions of both carjacking and assault with the intent to rob while armed violate [280 Mich.App. 682] the double jeopardy clauses of the state and federal constitutions. Because McGee raises these double jeopardy challenges for the first time on appeal, they are not preserved for appellate review. However, a double jeopardy issue presents a significant constitutional question that will be considered on appeal regardless of whether the defendant raised it before the trial court. We review an unpreserved claim that a defendant's double jeopardy rights have been violated for plain error that affected the defendant's substantial rights, that is, the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings. Reversal is appropriate only if the plain error resulted in the conviction of an innocent defendant or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.
Const. 1963, art. 1, § 15.
U.S. Const., Am. V.
See People v. Meshell, 265 Mich.App. 616, 628, 696 N.W.2d 754 (2005).
People v. Colon, 250 Mich.App. 59, 62, 644 N.W.2d 790 (2002).
Meshell, supra at 628, 696 N.W.2d 754.
Id.
B. ANALYSIS
Both the United States and the Michigan constitutions protect a defendant from being placed twice in jeopardy, or subject to multiple punishments, for the same offense. " Judicial examination of the scope of double jeopardy protection under both constitutions is confined to a determination of legislative intent." And the validity of multiple punishments under the Michigan Constitution is determined under the federal [280 Mich.App. 683] Blockburger " same elements" standard. If the Legislature clearly intended to impose multiple punishments, the imposition of multiple sentences is permissible regardless of whether the offenses have the same elements, but if the Legislature has not clearly expressed its intent, multiple offenses may be punished if each offense has an element that the other does not. In other words, the test " emphasizes the elements of the two crimes." " ‘ If each requires proof of a fact that the other does not, the Blockburger test is satisfied, notwithstanding a substantial overlap in the proof offered to establish the crimes....' "
U.S. Const., Am. V; Const. 1963, art. 1, § 15; People v. Smith, 478 Mich. 292, 299, 733 N.W.2d 351 (2007).
People v. Parker, 230 Mich.App. 337, 342, 584 N.W.2d 336 (1998).
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932).
Smith, supra; see also People v. Ream, 481 Mich. 223, 750 N.W.2d 536 (2008).
Smith, supra at 315-316, 733 N.W.2d 351.
Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 166, 97 S.Ct. 2221, 53 L.Ed.2d 187 (1977).
Id., quoting Iannelli v. United States, 420 U.S. 770, 785 n. 17, 95 S.Ct. 1284, 43 L.Ed.2d 616 (1975).
In People v. Parker, the defendant challenged his convictions of carjacking and armed robbery arising out of the same incident, arguing that these convictions violated his federal and state constitutional protections against double jeopardy. The Court disagreed and affirmed his convictions, stating that the " [d]efendant's carjacking conviction stems from the taking of the automobile at gunpoint, whereas [the] defendant's armed robbery conviction stems from the subsequent taking of the victim's wallet and money at gunpoint." On the basis of this stated rationale, McGee argues that his case is factually distinct from Parker because he stole only the car instead of also stealing the victim's personal property. In other words, McGee argues that, [280 Mich.App. 684] because the targeted property was only the car itself, both of his convictions are supported by entirely the same evidence and, thus, are violative of the double jeopardy protections. We disagree.
Parker, supra at 341-342, 584 N.W.2d 336.
Id. at 342, 584 N.W.2d 336.
In Parker, the Court differentiated the elements of the two crimes, stating, " It is clear from the language of the carjacking statute that the Legislature intended to prohibit takings accomplished with force or the mere threat of force. In contrast, it is clear from the language of the armed robbery statute that the Legislature intended to prohibit takings accomplished by an assault and the wielding of a dangerous weapon." Here, although the jury convicted McGee of assault with intent to rob while armed, rather than armed robbery, as in Parker, the same logic applies. The carjacking statute has no requirement that a weapon be used. In contrast, the assault with the intent to rob while armed statute does have as a requirement the use of a [280 Mich.App. 685] weapon. Also, the assault with the intent to rob while armed statute does not require the larceny of a motor vehicle, as does the carjacking statute. While there may indeed be substantial overlap between the proofs offered by the prosecution to establish the crimes, the prosecution must nevertheless prove different elements under these statutory provisions. Moreover, the Legislature specifically authorized two separate convictions arising out of the same transaction in the carjacking statute. Therefore, it is clear that the Legislature intended to separately punish a defendant convicted of both carjacking and assault with the intent to rob while armed, even if the defendant committed the offenses in the same criminal transaction. Accordingly, because the Legislature intended multiple punishments for these two different criminal actions, McGee's convictions do not violate his constitutional protections against double jeopardy.
Id. at 343, 584 N.W.2d 336.
In several unpublished opinions, this Court has rejected double jeopardy challenges to convictions of assault with intent to rob while armed and carjacking or attempted carjacking. People v. Lollio, 2003 WL 22399294, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 21, 2003 (Docket No. 241431); People v. Copeland, 2000 WL 33418853, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 13, 2000 (Docket No. 212275); People v. Stevens, 1999 WL 33439147, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued July 2, 1999 (Docket No. 207989). Although those cases are not precedentially binding, MCR 7.215(C)(1), their analyses are sound.
MCL 750.529a(1) states:
MCL 750.89 states:
MCL 750.529a(3) states: " A sentence imposed for a violation of this section may be imposed to run consecutively to any other sentence imposed for a conviction that arises out of the same transaction." See also Parker, supra at 343-344, 584 N.W.2d 336.
See Parker, supra at 344-345, 584 N.W.2d 336.
III. SENTENCING
McGee claims that he is entitled to resentencing because the trial court incorrectly scored 20 points for prior record variable (PRV) 6 as a result of his relationship [280 Mich.App. 686] with the juvenile system at the time of the instant offenses. However, we hold that, even assuming that the PRV was misscored, the error was harmless because the recommended minimum sentence range of the sentencing guidelines would not change. Therefore, McGee is not entitled to resentencing.
See People v. Francisco, 474 Mich. 82, 89 n. 8, 711 N.W.2d 44 (2006).
Affirmed.
A person who in the course of committing a larceny of a motor vehicle uses force or violence or the threat of force or violence, or who puts in fear any operator, passenger, or person in lawful possession of the motor vehicle, or any person lawfully attempting to recover the motor vehicle, is guilty of carjacking, a felony punishable by imprisonment for life or for any term of years. [Emphasis added.]
Any person, being armed with a dangerous weapon, or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead a person so assaulted reasonably to believe it to be a dangerous weapon, who shall assault another with intent to rob and steal shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life, or for any term of years. [Emphasis added.]