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holding that where there is "no exploitation of the primary illegality . . ., the `fruit of the poisonous tree' doctrine [is] inapplicable" to a subsequent lawful arrest
Summary of this case from People v. CorrOpinion
Docket No. 100239.
Decided February 6, 1989.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and Dennis M. Swain, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Marian Kromkowski, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant pled guilty to breaking and entering an unoccupied building with intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. His guilty plea was conditioned upon being allowed to raise on appeal issues related to the trial court's denial of certain pretrial motions to suppress evidence. Defendant was sentenced to serve 2 1/2 to 10 years in prison. He appeals as of right. This case raises the question of whether, after improperly detaining a citizen and then discovering that they have a valid basis for making an arrest, the police may make the lawful arrest and properly obtain evidence that flows from such an arrest. We hold that they may do so and, therefore, we affirm.
At approximately 5:30 A.M. on July 24, 1986, two Manistee County Sheriff's deputies, Dale Kowalkowski and Douglas Cermak, responded to a silent alarm from a garage located in rural Manistee County. The deputies arrived on the scene fifteen to twenty minutes later and discovered that the garage had been broken into and that one or more all-terrain vehicles may have been removed. The deputies left the scene and drove north, looking into the woods for evidence of the vehicles. At approximately 6:00 A.M., the deputies saw a van traveling south. They decided to stop the van to determine if the driver saw any vehicles in the area. At that point, neither the driver nor the van was suspected of having been involved in the break-in and the deputies admit that they had no probable cause to believe that the van or its driver had been involved in any crime.
As the deputies made a u-turn to pursue the van, the van accelerated. The deputies accelerated to pursue the van, but the van continued to accelerate and pull away from them. At that point, the deputies activated their overhead lights and the van pulled to the side of the road. The deputies approached the vehicle and Deputy Kowalkowski recognized the driver as defendant. Kowalkowski was aware that there were two or three outstanding bench warrants for defendant's arrest and, accordingly, placed defendant under arrest on those warrants. The deputy summoned a tow truck to impound the van, apparently on the basis that it had been determined that there was no insurance covering the van.
While seated in the back of the patrol car, defendant said to Deputy Cermak that he had broken into the garage and that items stolen from the garage were in the back of the van. At this point, Deputy Cermak advised defendant of his constitutional rights, after which defendant again stated that he had been involved in the break-in and that he had cut a hole in the garage door and removed items from the garage. Defendant then gave the deputy permission to search the van. A search of the van revealed fruits of the crime. Sometime later, after defendant had been brought to the police station, he was turned over to a detective for questioning, was again advised of his constitutional rights, and he again gave an inculpatory statement.
On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in refusing to suppress the physical evidence seized from the van on the basis that the initial stop of defendant by the deputies was without probable cause or reasonable suspicion and, therefore, the evidence found pursuant to the search were fruits of the poisonous tree. At the suppression hearing below, the trial court ruled to admit the physical evidence because the deputies' actions were lawful.
Initially, we note that a trial court's ruling at a suppression hearing will not be disturbed unless it is clearly erroneous. People v Payton, 166 Mich. App. 428, 430; 421 N.W.2d 191 (1988). The narrow questions we must decide in reviewing the court's decision here are whether the initial stop of the van was lawful and whether the evidence seized as a result of the stop was inadmissible as the fruit of the poisonous tree. We answer both questions in the negative.
In reviewing the lawfulness of the stop, it is important to note that the record does not indicate that defendant violated any traffic laws or was stopped for this purpose. Although he did not do so immediately, defendant nevertheless pulled over to the side of the road after the deputies activated the overhead lights of their vehicle. The evidence indicated that the officers knew two things when they activated the lights to stop defendant: (1) that they wanted to ask defendant whether he had any information that would assist them in their investigation of a recent crime; and (2) that defendant drove evasively while being "chased" by the deputies before they signaled him to stop.
The first ground did not provide the deputies with authority to stop defendant as a citizen has no duty to stop and answer questions when approached by a police officer in a public place. The citizen may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way. People v Shabaz, 424 Mich. 42, 56-57; 378 N.W.2d 451 (1985), cert gtd 475 U.S. 1094 (1986), dismissed as moot 478 U.S. 1017 (1986).
The second ground requires a consideration of whether the stop was lawful under the "stop and frisk" doctrine of Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968). Under Terry, investigative stops are lawful if the law enforcement officers have a reasonable, articulable suspicion that a person has committed or is about to commit a crime. Shabaz, supra, p 57; Payton, supra, pp 430-431. "Investigative pursuits" or "chases" have also been upheld as lawful police conduct without any requirement of a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity so long as the police conduct was not "so intimidating" that the person could have reasonably believed that he was not free to disregard the police presence and go about his business. Michigan v Chesternut, 486 US ___; 108 S Ct 1975, 1981; 100 L Ed 2d 565, 573 (1988). Whether or not the police conduct violates the Fourth Amendment and amounts to an unlawful seizure continues to be evaluated on the basis of a consideration of all the circumstances surrounding the incident in each case. Id., 108 S Ct 1979; 100 L Ed 2d 571.
Here, there was evidence of flight after the deputies made a u-turn with the objective of stopping the defendant to seek his assistance in their investigation of a recent crime. They had no suspicion that defendant was involved in that crime and there is no evidence that defendant drove unlawfully or failed to respond to any signal to stop. At best, Deputy Kowalkowski was able to articulate his suspicions as follows:
A. We turned around. He had gone past us to the south. We turned around and we were in the process of catching up to the van. We were accelerating quite rapidly and we were not catching up to the van. He was still in Manistee County, that stretch of road is. I would have to get a map out but I would guess we were a mile and a half from the county line or two miles at that point because we were north of the Nine Mile Bridge then.
Q. What did this van do as you attempted to catch up to it.
A. Well, it accelerated. I was driving the car and I was trying to catch up and I saw I wasn't catching up to him and I turned and asked Doug if he was — if he believed that the van was accelerating and he said yes.
* * *
Q. Continue please.
A. Well, Deputy Cermak believed the van was accelerating, too. He told me that. Madison Road ends at — well, it doesn't end at the county line but where the Manistee County line ends or where I believe it ends the county line road crosses that intersection and goes east. The van we were pursuing turned east onto the county line road. If it has a name, I don't know what it is. That is a dirt road that is unimproved and it has several big curves in it. We turned the corner behind the van and caught up to it about a quarter of a mile down the road. We activated our overhead lights to get him to stop a quarter of a mile to a half mile to get him to stop and he pulled over, not immediately, but he continued on down the road a little ways and then he pulled over.
Although a factor, flight alone is not enough to justify a Terry stop. Payton, supra, p 431. There must be other circumstances that make the import of the defendant's flight less ambiguous. Shabaz, supra, p 62.
Here, it was certainly reasonable for the deputies to be suspicious of defendant's flight from their vehicle after they made the u-turn, even though defendant drove lawfully and did not exceed the speed limit. However, this was not enough to supply the deputies with articulable grounds for concluding that criminal activity was afoot. It is only this reasonable belief that criminal activity is afoot that justifies a stop under Terry. Having considered the totality of the circumstances surrounding the deputies' decision to signal defendant to stop, we conclude that the trial court clearly erred in finding that the initial stop of the defendant was lawful.
Our holding does not, however, require reversal since the trial court correctly ruled to admit the evidence and we will not reverse a trial court when it reaches the correct result for the wrong reason. People v Perryman, 89 Mich. App. 516, 520; 280 N.W.2d 579 (1979). When a defendant claims that physical evidence should be suppressed as a result of an unlawful seizure of his person, the appropriate inquiry is whether that evidence was procured by an exploitation of the illegality or, instead, by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint. See People v Jones, 66 Mich. App. 223, 230-231; 238 N.W.2d 813 (1975), modified on other grounds 397 Mich. 871 (1976), citing Wong Sun v United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488; 83 S Ct 407; 9 L Ed 2d 441 (1963). This is not a "but for" test, but rather depends on whether there has been an exploitation of the primary illegality. Jones, supra, p 231. As explained in People v Roderick Walker, 27 Mich. App. 609, 617; 183 N.W.2d 871 (1970):
Various approaches have been taken by the courts in deciding whether in particular cases the people have taken advantage of or exploited the primary illegality. One test, suggested by some commentators and applied by some courts, and which makes sense to us, is whether it was reasonably foreseeable by the police when they acted that by engaging in the illegal behavior they might obtain evidence of the kind they obtained.
Here, the unlawful stop produced defendant and his vehicle. However, the physical evidence obtained resulted from the fact that one of the deputies immediately recognized defendant as being the subject of outstanding bench warrants. Defendant's lawful arrest and all the evidence obtained resulted from that identification. Under the circumstances of this case, it was not reasonably foreseeable for the deputies to believe that they would be able to recognize the driver of the vehicle as being the subject of outstanding bench warrants at the time they made the stop. There was no exploitation of the primary illegality and, hence, the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine was inapplicable. We conclude from the authorities cited above that where the police have unlawfully stopped or detained a citizen and then discover that the person detained is the proper subject of a lawful arrest on grounds other than the original illegal stop, the police may make the arrest and any evidence obtained as a result of the lawful arrest is admissible. For this reason, we uphold the trial court's ruling that the evidence was admissible.
Defendant also claims that the trial court erred in refusing to suppress the second and third statements made by defendant on the basis that defendant had not been properly read his Miranda rights prior to his statements. We disagree.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
The trial court did suppress the initial statement made by defendant in the police cruiser prior to being read his Miranda rights. We offer no comment on whether it was necessary to suppress that statement.
While defendant acknowledges that prior to the second and third statements he was generally advised of his various constitutional rights, defendant argues that the warnings given at the first interrogation (his second statement to police) were inadequate because he was not specifically advised that he could stop answering questions at any point, even midway through an interrogation. Defendant admits that he was specifically advised of this right at the second interrogation, conducted at the police station. In fact, the written statement given by defendant following that third questioning specifically informed him in writing of the right to refuse to answer any further questions.
Defendant does argue that his third statement, made in response to the second interrogation, should also be suppressed on the theory that it resulted from his second statement, made in response to the first interrogation, at which he had been inadequately advised of his constitutional rights. Inasmuch as we conclude that defendant was adequately advised of his rights, we need not determine whether the third statement was tainted by any inadequate warning prior to the second statement.
Defendant did not testify at either hearing held on his suppression motions, and, therefore, we can only determine what the officers advised defendant by their own testimony and the written exhibits introduced at those hearings. Deputy Cermak testified that he advised defendant of his Miranda rights by reading from a printed card that he carried for that purpose. At the hearing, Deputy Cermak summarized the card, but his summary did not include the warning that defendant may cease answering questions. An exhibit offered by the prosecution at the other suppression hearing included a copy of the sheriff department's Miranda warning card and that card included a warning to the suspect that he has "the right to decide at any time before or during questioning to use your right to remain silent and your right to talk with a lawyer while you are being questioned." We also note that the circumstances surrounding defendant's statement to the police indicate his statement was voluntary. His initial statement was a spontaneous uttering to the deputy, who then stopped defendant and advised him of his Miranda rights. Defendant then waived those rights and continued to make his statement to the deputy (the second statement). Thus, after being advised that he need not speak to the deputy, defendant chose to speak nevertheless. Furthermore, the second statement appears to have been relatively brief. According to the deputy's testimony, the extent of defendant's second statement was that he did wish to talk with the deputy, that "yeah, Doug, I took the stuff," acknowledged that the fruits of the crime were in his van, and an agreement to allow the deputy to search the van. In light of the circumstances surrounding the statement, we agree with the trial court that defendant was adequately advised of his Miranda rights and that his statement to the police was voluntary. Accordingly, the trial court correctly denied the motion to suppress evidence of the statement.
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that defendant's arguments are without merit.
Affirmed.
K.I. MacDONALD, J., concurred.
While I agree with the majority's conclusion, I disagree with the path they take in reaching that conclusion. Specifically, I believe the Terry stop was proper.
Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968).
This case presents an intriguing question concerning the authority of the police to stop a person in an automobile, not because they suspect the person of being involved in a crime, but in order to determine if that person has any information which may assist them in a criminal investigation. While this question is interesting, it is not necessary to resolve it in this case because I believe that, even if the police lacked that authority, the initial stop of defendant in the case at bar by the deputies was proper. Accordingly, I will assume, without deciding, that the police lack the authority to pull over a motor vehicle for the purpose of determining if the occupants of that vehicle have information relevant to a criminal investigation. Thus, under this assumption, the initial decision by the deputies to stop defendant's van to determine if the occupants of the van had information relative to the breaking and entering, such as seeing another vehicle on the road, would be improper.
While, under this assumption, the deputies' initial decision to stop defendant's van was improper, thus normally leading to the conclusion that the seizure of the evidence was tainted, I believe that defendant's subsequent actions created a reasonable suspicion to permit the deputies to make a Terry stop. While the deputies may have had a constitutionally malignant motive in deciding to turn their vehicle around and follow defendant, their initial actions had not yet transgressed defendant's constitutional rights. That is, regardless of their motivation, the deputies were lawfully and constitutionally permitted to stop their cruiser and turn it around and begin to drive in the opposite direction on a public road. It is important to note that the deputies had not yet at this point turned on their overhead lights to signal defendant to stop. Before the officers took any action to direct defendant to stop his van, defendant accelerated away from the police vehicle and the deputies gave chase before activating their overhead lights, thus indicating to defendant to stop his vehicle.
The events leading up to the stopping of defendant's vehicle were described by Deputy Kowalkowski at the suppression hearing as follows:
Q. What did you do when you encountered this van?
A. Well, the van was going south on Madison Road as we were going north from the scene. I told Deputy Cermak that we hadn't seen anything so let's stop that van, see if the driver has seen any vehicles in the area.
Q. Were you in Manistee County at the time you first saw this van?A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did you attempt to stop it?
A. We turned around. He had gone past us to the south. We turned around and we were in the process of catching up to the van. We were accelerating quite rapidly and we were not catching up to the van. He was still in Manistee County, that stretch of road is. I would have to get a map out but I would guess we were a mile and a half from the county line or two miles at that point because we were north of the Nine Mile Bridge then.
Q. What did this van do as you attempted to catch up to it.
A. Well, it accelerated. I was driving the car and I was trying to catch up and I saw I wasn't catching up to him and I turned and asked Doug if he was — if he believed that the van was accelerating and he said yes.
* * *
Q. Continue, please.
A. Well, Deputy Cermak believed the van was accelerating, too. He told me that. Madison Road ends at — well, it doesn't end at the county line but where the Manistee County line ends or where I believe it ends the county line road crosses that intersection and goes east. The van we were pursuing turned east onto the county line road. If it has a name, I don't know what it is. That is a dirt road that is unimproved and it has several big curves in it. We turned the corner behind the van and caught up to it about a quarter of a mile down the road. We activated our overhead lights to get him to stop a quarter of a mile to a half mile to get him to stop and he pulled over, not immediately, but he continued on down the road a little ways and then he pulled over.
I believe that defendant's actions in attempting to evade the deputies, for no apparent objective reason, gave the deputies reasonable suspicion to pull defendant over. That is, even if the deputies' original decision to stop the van to determine if its occupants had any information concerning the crime was improper, defendant's subsequent evasive actions prior to the deputies' being able to effectuate the plan transformed what originally might have been an illegal stop into a legal stop. Simply put, defendant's actions created an intervening probable cause (or reasonable suspicion) to elevate the stopping of defendant to constitutionally permitted status.
An analogous situation might be where an officer intends to go to a house and enter without a warrant to conduct a patently illegal search. However, upon arriving at the house, but before being able to enter the house and violate the suspect's rights, the suspect appears at the front door of the house, pulls a gun and fires at the officer. The officer then chases the suspect back into the house where he manages to effectuate an arrest. While the officer may have been in the initial stages of a constitutionally repugnant action, the suspect's conduct prior to the actual violation of his constitutional rights gave authority for the officer's subsequent actions.
What remains to be analyzed, however, is the question of the permissibility of a Terry stop based solely upon defendant's evasive action after encountering a sheriff's cruiser. The leading case in this area, upon which defendant places a great deal of reliance, is People v Shabaz, 424 Mich. 42; 378 N.W.2d 451 (1985), cert gtd 475 U.S. 1094 (1986), dismissed as moot 478 U.S. 1017 (1986). In Shabaz, supra at 62, the Michigan Supreme Court concluded that the defendant's flight, by itself, in the circumstances of that case, did not support reasonable suspicion:
Defendant's flight at the approach of police did not, by itself, in the circumstances of this case, support a reasonable suspicion. Although it is uncontroverted that flight may be a factor to be considered in ascertaining whether there is reasonable suspicion to warrant a Terry stop, United States v Sharpe [ 470 U.S. 675; 105 S Ct 1568; 84 L Ed 2d 605 (1985)]; United States v Brignoni-Ponce [ 422 U.S. 873; 95 S Ct 2574; 45 L Ed 2d 607 (1975)], flight alone is not a reliable indicator of guilt without other circumstances to make its import less ambiguous. United States v Green [216 US App. DC 329, 333; 670 F.2d 1148 (1981)]; People v Tebedo, 81 Mich. App. 535; 265 N.W.2d 406 (1978).
The Supreme Court clearly stopped short of concluding that flight cannot be the basis of reasonable suspicion to warrant a Terry stop. Rather, the totality of the circumstances must be considered. Shabaz, supra at 62. In Shabaz, two plainclothes undercover officers in an unmarked vehicle in a high-crime area of Detroit observed the defendant carrying a small brown paper bag while walking along a public street. The unmarked police car began moving toward the defendant, at which time he stuffed the bag under his clothes. The car passed the defendant and then came to a complete stop, at which point the defendant took off running. The officers then apprehended defendant and retrieved the bag, which contained a revolver. The Supreme Court concluded that the officers did not have any reasonable suspicion to warrant a Terry stop.
Among the factors considered by the Shabaz Court was the fact that the officers had not identified themselves to the defendant as police officers and that the defendant's conduct was not necessarily inculpatory in the light of the circumstances under which it occurred. In essence, the Supreme Court pointed out that, based upon the information available to the officers, there could be a reasonable explanation of the defendant's conduct which was consistent with his innocence. That is, the defendant behaved in the same manner that one could reasonably expect an innocent citizen to behave if he was carrying valuable property in the brown paper bag in a high crime area and noticed that he was being observed by two strange individuals in an unmarked vehicle. The defendant in Shabaz could have, for instance, been merely protecting himself from a potential mugging as far as the police were aware.
The case at bar is distinguishable from the situation in Shabaz in a number of important points. First, nothing in the record suggests that the area in which defendant was pulled over constitutes a high-crime area. Second, although it is not entirely clear from the record, it would appear that the deputies were on road patrol when they responded to the silent alarm and, therefore, it can be assumed that they were in a fully marked police cruiser when they pulled defendant over. Third, defendant's van was the only vehicle in the area. Finally, the officers in Shabaz were not aware that any crime had been committed and were on patrol when the defendant aroused their suspicions; in the case at bar, the deputies were investigating a crime which had occurred in the area shortly before spotting defendant's van.
This assumption is buttressed by the fact that the deputies turned on their overhead lights at one point during the chase to signal defendant to stop. I believe that it can be safely assumed that, had the deputies been in an unmarked vehicle, there would have been no overhead lights to turn on.
Thus, while it is conceivable that the defendant in Shabaz could have been a cautious citizen worried that he was about to be mugged by the two unidentified individuals he saw observing him, defendant in the case at bar had no such worries since he was not in a high-crime area and since his followers were identifiable as police officers. Similarly, defendant in the case at bar was traveling in a motor vehicle and, therefore, would be less vulnerable to a criminal attack than the defendant in Shabaz, who was on foot. Finally, I note that defendant began to run from the officers as soon as he sighted them. That is, from defendant's perspective, at the time he began to run there was no reason for him to believe that the officers were not proceeding upon their ordinary business. The deputies had merely turned their car around and began to proceed down the road in the same direction as defendant and had not yet turned on their overhead lights to signal defendant to stop. As far as defendant would know, the deputies could have turned around because they had received a radio call to go to a location in the opposite direction, because it was nearing the end of their shift and they wished to proceed back to the sheriff's station or, for that matter, because they had decided to enjoy a morning cup of coffee and a donut at a restaurant in the opposite direction from which they had been traveling. Since the deputies had not made any significantly threatening conduct towards defendant, I believe the deputies could conclude that defendant began his flight out of a sense of guilt rather than a sense of innocence. Simply put, unlike the officers in Shabaz, I believe the deputies in the case at bar could reasonably become suspicious, in light of the surrounding circumstances, at defendant's conduct of attempting to flee from the deputies as soon as he noticed them following him.
For the above reasons, I conclude that the deputies in the case at bar had a reasonable suspicion that defendant was somehow involved in a criminal enterprise sufficient to warrant a Terry stop. Accordingly, defendant's theory that the deputies' subsequent search of his van, done with his permission, was tainted as the fruit of the poisonous tree, is without merit. Thus, the trial court correctly denied defendant's motion to suppress the evidence of the search.
With respect to defendant's other argument on appeal, concerning the admissibility of statements made to the police, I agree with the majority's analysis of that issue.
I, too, would affirm.