Summary
In People v. King (App. 1978), 41 Colo. App. 177, 581 P.2d 739, the court allowed a charge "from July 1, 1976 to January 10, 1977," stating the specific date of the offense was not a material allegation in prosecution for sexual assault on a child.
Summary of this case from State v. D.B.SOpinion
No. 77-921
Decided June 22, 1978.
Defendant appealed his conviction of sexual assault on a child.
Affirmed
1. CRIMINAL LAW — Information — Amendment — Time Period of Offenses — Within Previous Period — Covered — Time of Last Assault — Not Prejudicial — Not Error. Although, on the morning of sexual assault trial, the trial court allowed the information to be amended as to the period during which the alleged sexual assaults on child had been perpetrated, nevertheless, the period specified in that amendment was less than, and included within, the period specified in a prior amendment, and also covered the period when the last assault was alleged to have occurred; hence, allowing that amendment was not prejudicial to defendant and did not constitute prejudicial error.
2. Sexual Assault — Uncorroborated Testimony — Complainant — Not Per Se Insufficient — Determined — Ad Hoc Basis — Relevant Factors — Listed. The uncorroborated testimony of the victim of a sexual assault is not per se insufficient to support a conviction, rather each case must be decided on an ad hoc basis taking into consideration the character of the prosecuting witness, the probability or improbability of her testimony, and whether it is conflicting and contradictory.
3. Sexual Assault — Testimony of Complainant — Forthright — Detailed — Not Discredited — Plus — Related Evidence — Sufficient — Support Conviction. Where the testimony of 10-year-old complainant as to her allegations of sexual assault by defendant was forthright, detailed, and in no significant way discredited by cross-examination, and where diary of complainant that first indicated her sexual activity disappeared under circumstances indicative of destruction by defendant, the evidence was sufficient to sustain conviction of defendant of sexual assault on a child, without further corroboration of complainant's testimony.
4. Conduct of Trial — Psychological Examination — Sexual Assault Complainant — Discretionary — Circumstances — Denial — Not Abuse of Discretion. Although a court, in the exercise of its discretion, should order a psychological examination of the complainant in a sexual assault prosecution where there is a compelling reason for it, nevertheless, where the only support for defendant's motion seeking such an examination was his allegations concerning the complainant's mental immaturity and vivid imagination, the trial court's refusal to order the examination was not an abuse of discretion.
Appeal from the District Court of Weld County, Honorable Jonathan W. Hays, Judge.
J. D. MacFarlane, Attorney General, David W. Robbins, Deputy Attorney General, Edward G. Donovan, Assistant Attorney General, Linda Palmieri Rigsby, Assistant Attorney General, for plaintiff-appellee.
Houtchens, Houtchens Daniel, Kim R. Houtchens, for defendant-appellant.
Defendant Joseph Henry King appeals his conviction of sexual assault on a child. The alleged victim was his common-law wife's 10-year-old daughter. On appeal he contends that the court erred in (1) permitting an amendment to the information changing the date of the alleged offense; (2) denying both the judgment of acquittal and a judgment NOV because there was insufficient evidence to sustain a guilty verdict; and (3) refusing to allow a psychological examination of the complaining witness. We affirm.
I.
[1] The date specified in the information as filed was "on or about the 10th of December 1976." Thereafter a minute order allowed an amendment to "from March 1, 1974 to January 1, 1977," but no written order was entered reflecting the amendment. On the morning of trial the court permitted an amendment to "from July 1, 1976 to January 10, 1977." This period was less than the enlargement previously authorized and therefore did not prejudice the defendant. Moreover, the last assault was alleged to have occurred "around Thanksgiving" and thus was within the time periods of both amendments, see Nowels v. People, 166 Colo. 140, 442 P.2d 410 (1968), and the specific date of the offense was not a material allegation. Marn v. People, 175 Colo. 242, 486 P.2d 424 (1971).
II.
[2] The crux of defendant's second argument is that the uncorroborated testimony of the victim of the sexual assault is insufficient to support a conviction. This is not the law. As stated in LaBlanc v. People, 161 Colo. 274, 421 P.2d 474 (1966), "each case must be decided on an ad hoc basis. The character of the prosecuting witness, the probability or improbability of her testimony or whether it is conflicting and contradictory, are often determinative of the need of corroboration."
[3] Here, the testimony of the prosecuting witness, notwithstanding her age, was forthright, detailed, and in no significant way discredited by cross-examination. The crime was first uncovered when the child's mother discovered a reference to defendant's sexual activity with the child in her diary. After being described to another witness, the diary disappeared under circumstances indicative of destruction by defendant. While such evidence of destruction of the diary by defendant was circumstantial and not conclusive of his guilt of the substantive crime, nevertheless, it was a factor tending to bolster the child's story. See People v. Elliston, 181 Colo. 118, 508 P.2d 379 (1973); Rapue v. People, 171 Colo. 324, 466 P.2d 925 (1970). To require direct evidence corroborating the child's testimony in a case of this type would be to raise a hurdle to prosecution of such offenses which could not frequently be cleared. As the People observe in their brief, "the sexual molestation of pre-pubescent girls is not, as a rule, performed before corroborating witnesses."
III.
[4] Defendant's final contention is that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a psychological examination of the complaining witness. We disagree. A court should order such an examination only where there is a compelling reason for it. See People v. Neely, 228 Cal. App. 2d 16, 39 Cal. Rptr. 251 (1964), where the victim was an inmate of a state mental hospital. But here, the only support for defendant's motion was his affidavit alleging that the victim was "mentally immature," had a "vivid imagination," and is "subject to flights of fancy," and that he had "observed that the complainant has fantasies concerning sexual contact and relationships." These statements are conclusory in nature and are devoid of specific factual recitation. It is necessary for the court to balance the possible emotional trauma, embarrassment or intimidation to the complainant against the likelihood of the examination producing material, as distinguished from speculative, evidence. See Crim. P. 16, Part I(e); State v. Kahinu, 53 Hawaii 536, 498 P.2d 635 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1126, 93 S.Ct. 944, 35 L.Ed.2d 258 (1973); State v. Wahrlich, 105 Ariz. 102, 459 P.2d 727 (1969); People v. Neely, supra. See also Annot., 18 A.L.R.3d 1433; 2 Wharton's Criminal Evidence § 378 (C. Torcia 13th ed.). Cf. People v. Parks, 195 Colo. 344, 579 P.2d 76 (1978).
We hold that while it is discretionary with the trial court whether to order a psychological examination of a child molestation victim, its failure to order it under the circumstances present here did not constitute an abuse of this discretion.
Judgment affirmed.
JUDGE ENOCH and JUDGE KELLY concur.