Summary
In People v. Kelley, 49 Mich. App. 720, 212 N.W.2d 750, 753 (1973), the court allowed the prosecuting attorney to ask three witnesses if they had been tried for the same murder, holding that this was not contrary to the rule that the prosecution may not impeach the testimony of accomplices.
Summary of this case from State v. EstlickOpinion
Docket No. 14981.
Decided September 27, 1973.
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, Frank G. Schemanske, J. Submitted Division 1 June 18, 1973, at Detroit. (Docket No. 14981.) Decided September 27, 1973.
Joseph Kelley was convicted of first-degree murder. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, and Robert A. Reuther, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Michael C. Moran, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Before: QUINN, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and BASHARA, JJ.
Defendant, Joseph Kelley, was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder on November 23, 1962. He appeals upon delayed leave granted.
Because of the unique history of this case, an explanation of events that led to defendant's arrest and trial is necessary for full understanding of the issues raised on appeal.
On October 4, 1960, David Lipton, the proprietor of a drug store in Detroit, was shot and killed during a holdup. A woman in the store, Sue Valentine, gave descriptions of the three men who perpetrated the robbery to police who arrived at the scene. She subsequently identified Linberg Hall, Robert Clark, and Secola Kuykendall as the culprits at a lineup and at their trial. In 1961, those three persons were convicted of first-degree murder.
At the insistence of Mr. Max Silverman, the assistant prosecutor who tried the first case, the matter was reopened for investigation. The prosecutor, with the help of Lt. John Ware, uncovered evidence leading to the arrest of Ronald Gilliam, Kenneth Anderson, Edward Lake, Gene Adams, and defendant Kelley. The convictions against Hall, Clark, and Kuykendall were vacated upon the motion of the prosecution.
Before defendant's case came to trial, his alleged accomplices, Gilliam, Anderson, Lake, and Adams were convicted of the first-degree murder of David Lipton.
The prosecution's evidence at defendant's trial showed Miss Valentine and the decedent were alone in the drug store when, at about 9:30 p.m., a tall, slender man wearing a large bandage under his right eye entered. The man spoke to the decedent while two more men entered. One of the men ordered Miss Valentine to the floor and seconds later she heard a volley of gunfire. After the trio left the store she found Lipton shot. The details of her positive identification of Hall, Clark, and Kuykendall were thoroughly explored on cross-examination and she made no identification of defendant or his alleged accomplices.
Johnnie McCoy, owner of a restaurant across the street from the drug store, and his wife both testified they heard the gunfire and looked out the window of their establishment. Both Mr. and Mrs. McCoy stated they thereafter saw three men, one of whom wore a patch under his eye, leave the store and turn onto a side street. They could not identify defendant or his alleged accomplices and so testified.
Defendant was shown to have been in an altercation on September 27, 1960 with Wendell Smith who testified he inflicted facial injuries to defendant's right cheek.
Delphine Coleman testified she was with Lake, Adams, and Gilliam on October 4, 1960. She stated the four of them rode in Lake's car that night and picked up the defendant, who wore the bandage on his face, and met Anderson thereafter.
The group then drove to the drug store where defendant, Gilliam, and Adams left the vehicle and entered the store. Anderson, she said, left, as well, but walked away. Shortly thereafter she heard gunfire and when the trio returned it was announced that Lipton had been shot because he had first fired upon Kelley, striking him in the forearm.
Edward Lake corroborated that testimony. However, on cross-examination defense counsel brought out the fact that Lake was not charged as a principal in the case until after he testified at preliminary examination. It was revealed that at the examination stage, where Kelley, Gilliam, Adams, and Anderson were charged, Lake recounted a different story exculpating everyone, and that thereafter Lake was charged with the crime as well.
On redirect, Lake admitted his testimony at the examination was false and testified he had, prior to that time, told police his present trial testimony. Redirect examination also revealed Lake thereafter stood trial for the Lipton murder.
Defense counsel's first question on recross-examination (and Lake's responses) were as follows:
"Q. What are you serving time for now, Eddie?
"A. Armed robbery.
"Q. Not murder, is that right?
"A. That's right."
The prosecution then revealed that while Lake had been convicted of first-degree murder, he had been allowed to plead guilty to armed robbery.
Anderson, Gilliam, and Adams were called as witnesses for the prosecution. Each admitted to having stood trial for the Lipton murder. Anderson corroborated Delphine Coleman's version of the events, but denied knowledge of the robbery and murder, stating he left the scene on his own without incident. Gilliam denied complicity but stated he was present when Adams drew a gun. Kelley, according to Gilliam, was not present. His memory was refreshed with a prior statement where he indicated the contrary. Adams echoed Gilliam's responses that Kelley was not present. Adams' memory was also similarly refreshed.
Prior to trial, defendant, an indigent, moved for production of the trial transcript of the Hall, Clark, and Kuykendall case on the basis that most of the witnesses against him testified at that trial. Only the testimony of Sue Valentine was produced. Defendant asserts on appeal that the failure to produce the balance of testimony was error. We disagree.
We find no significant deprivation by the non-production of prior testimony which established the chain of custody of certain of the exhibits, the identity of the body of Mr. Lipton, or the drawing of maps and diagrams of the scene of the crime. The cause of Mr. Lipton's death was largely uncontested. We find the prior testimony of the witnesses who established those facts was not so essential for impeachment purposes or discovery so that deprivation denied due process.
We realize a financially able defendant could have obtained a transcript of this prior testimony and considerations of equal protection of law are relevant to this issue. See Griffin v Illinois, 351 U.S. 12; 76 S Ct 585; 100 L Ed 891 (1956); Britt v North Carolina, 404 U.S. 226; 92 S Ct 431; 30 L Ed 2d 400 (1971). However, through hindsight, we perceive the prior testimony sought, but not produced, did not establish crimination of defendant, but only the corpus delicti of the incident, an issue which defense counsel practically conceded at the outset of trial. Moreover, the testimony defendant sought to be produced did not even criminate Clark, Hall, or Kuykendall. Of those who testified in both trials, only Sue Valentine's testimony tended to establish the guilt of any particular person. Thorough examination of the record reveals defense counsel was well versed in the details of the evidence produced in the prior trial, and we are not satisfied that transcription of the testimony there adduced was the only means for obtaining that information. See, e.g., Miles v Clairmont Transfer Co, 35 Mich. App. 319; 192 N.W.2d 619 (1971); People v Dellabonda, 265 Mich. 486; 251 N.W. 594 (1933).
We do not attempt to fashion a rule in this regard for the benefit of the trial bench for each and every case. Our decision here is based on hindsight, but we recognize the dilemma facing our brethren who preside over trials where this issue initially arises. People v Joines, 46 Mich. App. 427; 208 N.W.2d 193 (1973), announces that the state must provide indigent defendants with transcripts of prior proceedings when needed for preparation of an effective defense. In that regard, we note that while a financially able defendant might have seen fit to pay for the production of the Hall-Clark-Kuykendall transcript, it is apparent it would have been an unnecessary expenditure. Clearly, prior testimony offered against a particular defendant is valuable for both discovery and impeachment purposes. People v Glass, 38 Mich. App. 735; 197 N.W.2d 140 (1972). However, we decline to rule that production of prior testimony establishing a rather mundane corpus delicti of the same crime in another case against another defendant is necessary in order to provide a subsequent defendant with a fair trial.
Defendant made a tape recorded statement showing his involvement in the crime. Before the confession was introduced, the detectives who had interviewed defendant indicated the statement was taken in Marquette Prison. That information, although inadvertently given in response to legitimate inquiry, was objected to and formed the basis of defendant's motion for mistrial. The transcript provided on appeal shows that after defendant's motion was denied, the tape-recorded statement was played, in its entirety, to the jury. The introductory remarks of the taped statement clearly show it was obtained in Marquette Prison, and contained therein is the following passage:
The tape recorded statement was not transcribed by the court reporter. However, in 1968 a Walker hearing was held where the text of the statement was reported. It is from that hearing that the content of defendant's confession is taken.
" [By defendant]: I been back in jail now over a year, I been locked up over a year now, ever since I been back in jail, I just been more or less waiting for [an investigation of defendant's involvement]."
The basis of defendant's motion for mistrial concerned the prejudicial effect on the jury of the revelation of defendant's criminal record. The transcript does not show any argument to the jury on what effect, if any, such a history should have on their deliberation, and it must be remembered that this trial took place at a time when the jury was called upon to determine the voluntariness of a defendant's confession.
Pursuant to that now abolished rule, prior precedent indicates all the facts surrounding the confession were to be shown to the jury. People v Cleveland, 251 Mich. 542; 232 N.W. 384 (1930); People v Hepner, 285 Mich. 631; 281 N.W. 384 (1938). In at least one case, the fact of incarceration at the time of confession was considered a principal factor on the issue of voluntariness. See People v Barker, 60 Mich. 277; 27 N.W. 539 (1886). Since the record only shows the fact of incarceration, and then only as it related to the circumstances surrounding obtaining the confession, we cannot say the trial court erred in denying the motion for mistrial. See also People v Harry Fleish, 321 Mich. 443; 32 N.W.2d 700 (1948).
Defendant contends it was error to allow the prosecution to impeach Anderson, Gilliam, and Adams by asking if they had been tried for the Lipton murder. While it is true that the prosecution may not seek to impeach the testimony of accomplices, People v Green, 32 Mich. App. 482, 486; 189 N.W.2d 122, 124 (1971); People v Virgil Brown, 15 Mich. App. 600; 167 N.W.2d 107 (1969), or argue that their prior conviction for the same crime by another jury is evidence of another's guilt (see People v Eldridge, 17 Mich. App. 306; 169 N.W.2d 497), we know of no rule of law that prohibits the prosecution from asking unflattering questions of its own witnesses not designed to accomplish such an unlawful purpose.
Review of the record shows the questions put to these accomplices were not designed to impeach their testimony. Their convictions were not put forward by the prosecution. The inquiry served to establish that the prosecution had not "singled out" one defendant for prosecution as well as showing that those witnesses, protected by the doctrine of former jeopardy, had no motive for lying. The fact that some of their subsequent testimony did not precisely establish defendant's culpability does not mean the questions were designed to impeach credibility.
The transaction concerning the production of Edward Lake's testimony is not error. If a prosecution witness has received leniency in return for his testimony, it is incumbent upon the prosecution to show the details. Rehabilitation of a witness sought to be impeached with prior inconsistency by showing an earlier consistency is proper.
Affirmed.
All concurred.