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explaining that standing exists only when the person challenging the legality of a search or seizure was the “victim” of that search or seizure
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No. 88SA281
Decided April 17, 1989.
Interlocutory Appeal from District Court, El Paso County.
Honorable Donald E. Campbell, Judge.
Barney Iuppa, District Attorney, Robert M. Brown, Chief Deputy District Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Jeralyn E. Merritt, for Defendant-Appellee.
In this interlocutory proceeding, the prosecution appeals the El Paso County District Court order suppressing evidence seized by law enforcement officers during a search of a vehicle owned by one of the defendants in this narcotics case, David Juarez. We reverse the suppression order and remand the case for further proceedings.
I.
In February 1988, the Colorado Springs Police Department began surveillance of a single family residence located at 943 Shrider Road. One of the defendants, Mary Ferencz, had leased this residence for three months under the name Mary Jordan, at the direction of Ronald Edmundson. Ferencz lived at a different address in Colorado Springs. The utilities at the residence were listed under the name of Dean Lopez, although no individual with this name was ever located during the investigation. Another defendant, David Rodriguez, was staying at the Shrider Road residence, allegedly for the purpose of guarding the contraband stored there.
Federal criminal complaints were filed and federal warrants issued against Ronald Edmundson and Maxine Juarez for obstruction of justice charges arising from unrelated criminal activities in Pennsylvania. When the Colorado Springs FBI office learned of the FBI complaints and warrants on March 14, 1988, the FBI agents and local police department began a "joint operation." Two days later, surveillance officers observed a white Ford Bronco being driven from the Shrider Road address. The Bronco was being driven by an adult male and was known to be registered to Edmundson. Because Colorado Springs Police Officer Alvis knew that an FBI fugitive warrant had been issued for the registered owner of the Bronco he stopped the vehicle. The driver identified himself as David Rodriguez but could not produce identification. Rodriguez explained to the officer that he had borrowed the Bronco from Edmundson, who was in Arizona at the time. Officer Alvis followed Rodriguez to the Shrider Road residence in order for Rodriguez to produce his driver's license. Upon discovering that Rodriguez' Arizona driver's license was suspended, Officer Alvis issued a traffic ticket to Rodriguez and left.
Later that afternoon, officers saw Edmundson and Rodriguez leave the Schrider Road address in a gold Mercedes. The Mercedes was stopped and Edmundson and Rodriguez were arrested. Having located Edmundson, the FBI agents and police officers returned to the Shrider Road address to look for Maxine Juarez, the other individual named in the FBI warrant. At approximately 2:00 p.m., they entered the residence with a key obtained from Rodriguez.
Upon entering the house, Colorado Springs Police Officer Berggren observed a bag of marijuana lying on the kitchen counter. The officer found bales of marijuana inside two closets in the garage and inside a Chevrolet Suburban (Suburban) parked in the two-car attached garage. Mary Ferencz was the registered owner of the Suburban. The agents and officers did not find Maxine Juarez in the Shrider Road residence.
The officers left the residence and obtained a search warrant using the information they had obtained by entering the Shrider Road residence to establish probable cause for issuance of the warrant. The officers returned to the Shrider Road residence with the search warrant and conducted a more thorough search of the house and the Suburban, pursuant to the warrant. At this point, there was a blue van parked in the circular driveway outside the house. The officers searched the van, which was registered to Maxine Juarez' husband, David Juarez, and had been purchased by him two days earlier. The van contained almost 1,000 pounds of marijuana.
According to the affidavit, the Chevrolet van contained 996 pounds of marijuana, and the house and Suburban yielded a total of 2,318 pounds of marijuana.
Later the same day, Maxine Juarez was located and arrested at a local motel. Her motel room was registered in her husband's name for a six-day period beginning March 12, 1988. Mary Ferencz, who had rented the adjoining hotel room, was present in Maxine Juarez' room and was also arrested. A bag of marijuana seen on an item of luggage was seized from the hotel room.
The five defendants were each charged by information with three counts: possession of marijuana with intent to distribute, conspiracy to commit distribution of marijuana, and special offender status for purposes of sentence enhancement.
The five defendants were David Juarez, his wife Maxine Juarez, Mary Ferencz, David Rodriguez, and Ronaldo Molina a/k/a Ronnie "Edmonson." The spelling of "Edmonson" found in the complaint and the spelling of "Edmondson" found in the arrest warrant and other documents are inconsistent with the spelling of Edmundson in the remainder of the record. For purposes of consistency, the spelling "Edmundson" will be used throughout this opinion.
§ 18-18-106(8), 8B C.R.S. (1986 1988 Supp.) (class 4 felony).
§ 18-18-106(8), 8B C.R.S. (1986 1988 Supp.) (class 4 felony).
§ 18-18-107(1)(e), 8B C.R.S. (1986).
The narrow subject of this appeal is the suppression motion filed by David Juarez. Juarez asked the trial court to suppress the evidence seized from his Chevrolet van, the Suburban, the house, and the garage. The trial court applied the rule "that in order to have standing, a person claiming the standing would have to be able to show some legal or physical relationship to the house or the vehicles in order to gain standing." The trial court found "no evidence showing any connection between the residence and the vehicle other than its presence in the circular driveway." Based on this, the court initially ruled that with regard to both the residence and the vehicles, David Juarez had no standing to challenge the search and seizure. Later in the hearing, however, the court reversed itself in part, holding that because Juarez was the owner of the van, he was entitled to challenge the search and seizure of the evidence seized from his van.
The trial court ruled and the prosecution has conceded that there were no exigent circumstances to justify the warrantless entry into the Shrider Road residence.
The prosecution has asked this court to address three issues arising from the suppression order as it pertains to David Juarez. First, we must decide whether David Juarez had standing to contest the warrantless search of the Shrider Road residence. Second, we decide whether the language in the search warrant directing the officers to search "all vehicles" on the property included the van parked in the driveway. Third, we must determine whether the search warrant affidavit contained probable cause to support a search of the van parked in the driveway.
II. [12] Standing
The fourth amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures is personal and cannot be vicariously asserted. People v. Whisler, 724 P.2d 648, 649 (Colo. 1986); People v. Cobb, 690 P.2d 848, 851 (Colo. 1984). Before a defendant can challenge the constitutionality of a governmental search, he must establish that he has standing; to have standing, he must have "a legitimate expectation of privacy in the areas searched or the items seized." People v. Naranjo, 686 P.2d 1343, 1345 (Colo. 1984); People v. Tufts, 717 P.2d 485, 489 (Colo. 1986). The concept of standing "focuses on whether the person seeking to challenge the legality of a search as a basis for suppressing evidence was himself the 'victim' of the search or seizure." Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 132 (1978). In ruling on standing, "a court will consider, among other factors, whether an individual has a possessory or proprietary interest in the areas or items which are the subject of the search." Naranjo, 686 P.2d at 1345. The defendant bears the burden of establishing standing to challenge the legality of a search, and the issue "must be resolved in view of the totality of circumstances in a particular case." Tufts, 717 P.2d at 490. Whether an asserted expectation of privacy is "legitimate" depends on objective factors, not on the individual's subjective expectations. Id.
The standing question at issue here is whether David Juarez had standing to challenge the officers' illegal entry into the Shrider Road residence and the observations made by them as a result of the illegal entry. When a suppression motion is filed in a criminal case "on the ground that the evidence was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, there may be put in issue the question of whether the movant is a proper party to assert the claim of illegality and to seek the remedy of exclusion." 4 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment § 11.3, at 279 (1987) (hereinafter LaFave). The trial court held that the warrantless search of the Shrider Road residence was not constitutionally protected "and the motion with regard to suppression of evidence within that house should be granted with regard to the persons having standing for that suppression order." (Emphasis added). If we conclude that David Juarez has standing to challenge the illegal house entry, then those parts of the affidavit that are based on the officers' observations in the house and garage must be excised from the affidavit before the affidavit is evaluated for probable cause.
The trial court here found, however, that there was "no evidence showing any connection between the residence and the [outside] vehicle other than its presence in the circular driveway." Because Juarez had no expectation of privacy in the Shrider Road residence, he did not have standing to challenge the search warrant.
"A person who is aggrieved by an illegal search and seizure only through the introduction of damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person's premises or property has not had any of his Fourth Amendment rights infringed." Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 134 (1978) (emphasis added).
The defendant asks us to conclude that he has standing to challenge the search warrant authorizing a search of the Shrider Road residence. If we decide that he does have standing to challenge the search warrant, then the evidence seized from the residence cannot be used to establish probable cause for search of the van belonging to him.
The fundamental inquiry is "whether the conduct which the defendant wants to put in issue involved an intrusion into his reasonable expectation of privacy." LaFave § 11.3, at 281 (emphasis in original). The house was leased to Mary Ferencz. Apparently, the only individual who actually lived in the house was David Rodriguez. Mary Ferencz resided at a different Colorado Springs address. A defendant who does not reside on the premises, had no right to be on the premises, and does not have a possessory interest in the premises is not an aggrieved person and cannot complain of the unlawfulness of a search. Thomas v. United States, 394 F.2d 247, 249 (10th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 931 (1969).
There was no evidence that the defendant shared payment of the rent. People v. Savage, 630 P.2d 1070, 1073 (Colo. 1981) (defendant who was one of four people living in the trailer, paid an equal share of the rent, and used the living area along with the others had a reasonable expectation of privacy). David Juarez was not present in the house when the evidence was seized. Cf. People v. Godinas, 176 Colo. 391, 394, 490 P.2d 945, 947 (1971) (defendant was legitimately in the house and therefore had standing to challenge the search of the house); Adargo v. People, 173 Colo. 323, 325, 478 P.2d 308, 308 (1970) (defendant had standing because he was in his sister's home with her permission when the search of her house was conducted). Juarez did not sign the lease on the property. Juarez therefore has no standing to challenge the search warrant issued for a search of the Shrider Road residence.
"[N]either the evidentiary significance of the objects seized nor the nature of the pending charges automatically confers on him the standing necessary to the successful assertion of a Fourth Amendment claim." People v. Henry, 631 P.2d 1122, 1129 (Colo. 1981). Based on the foregoing, we conclude that David Juarez, who had no discernible connection to or interest in the Shrider Road residence, did not have an expectation of privacy in the house. He therefore does not have standing to challenge the search warrant. For this reason, Juarez is not entitled to challenge the search of the house on the basis that the search warrant violated his Fourth Amendment rights.
III. [21] Language of the Search Warrant
Having concluded that David Juarez did not have standing to challenge the search warrant with respect to the search of the house, the second issue for our resolution is whether the language in the search warrant directing the officers to search "all vehicles" on the property was impermissibly broad.
The search warrant in this case authorized a search of "943 Shrider Road, El Paso County, State of Colorado which is a single family dwelling with an attached garage which is white in color, to include all vehicles and sheds on the property." (Emphasis added). David Juarez' contention is that the language emphasized above in the warrant is "impermissibly overbroad and insufficiently particular." Answer Brief, at 17.
The parties correctly note that there are no Colorado cases addressing interpretation of the words "all vehicles" in a search warrant that authorizes the search of a designated premises or building. Other courts, however, have often upheld the scope of such language.
"The point now under consideration has been directly passed upon in other jurisdictions, and it has been uniformly held that where a search warrant authorizes officers to search a described building, together with the yard or curtilage on which the building is located, parked automobiles or other vehicles found in the yard or within the curtilage are proper subjects of search under the warrant."
Alexander v. Florida, 108 So.2d 308, 309 (Fla. 1959) (emphasis added). In Florida v. Haugee, 402 So.2d 1216 (Fla.App. 1981), the warrant authorized search of a private dwelling "together with the yard and curtilage thereof, any and all outbuildings and vehicles thereon." Id. The Florida court held:
"In this case a probable cause for the warrant was the reasonable belief that contraband drugs were going to be somewhere in or around this single family dwelling after midnight. As there were no details as to how the contraband drugs were going to arrive there or where the drugs [were] going to be located after they arrived, the search warrant was not overbroad in permitting a search of all places where the contraband could be hidden in the dwelling and its curtilage, including all buildings and vehicles thereon."
Id. at 1217; see also Florida v. Musselwhite, 402 So.2d 1235, 1237 (Fla.App. 1981) ("[A] driveway to one's residence is within the curtilage of that property. . . . [V]ehicles within the curtilage are proper subjects of search, especially where, . . . the warrant charged the police with the search of vehicles within the curtilage.").
In Albert v. Georgia, 155 Ga. App. 99, 270 S.E.2d 220, cert. denied, (Ga. 1980), the warrant authorized a search of "[a]ll vehicles, storage houses, and any other appurtenances located within the curtilage of said premises." Id. at ___, 270 S.E.2d at 221. The court held: "Although the vehicle had moved onto the curtilage shortly before the police officers arrived and it was not specifically described in the warrant, '[c]ommon prudence dictates that the vehicle has so identified itself within the premises and its curtilage as to make it subject to search as a part of the curtilage and premises.'" Id. (quoting Bellamy v. State, 134 Ga. App. 340, 341, 214 S.E.2d 383, 384 (1975)). In Bellamy, the defendant challenged the search of a U-Haul truck parked in the driveway of the premises described in the warrant. The court held that because "[t]he word 'curtilage' includes the yards and grounds of a particular address, and the cases cited show 'curtilage' also includes the garden, barns, buildings, etc.," vehicles standing on the grounds "may be searched though not specifically described." 134 Ga. App. at ___, 214 S.E.2d at 383-84.
In North Carolina v. Reid, 23 N.C. App. 194, 208 S.E.2d 699 (1974), the court upheld the search of a vehicle that was on the premises at the time and within the area encompassed by the search warrant, even though the search warrant did "not specifically refer to all outbuildings, appurtenances, etc." Id. at ___, 208 S.E.2d at 701.
In Leslie v. Oklahoma, 294 P.2d 854 (Okla.Crim.App. 1956), the warrant authorized a search of a particular address "together with the curtilage thereof and the appurtenances thereunto belonging." Id. at 855. The defendant sought to suppress whiskey found in his automobile, but the Oklahoma court held that " the automobile sitting on the driveway came within the purview of the description herein involved as an object of search," even though the vehicle was not described in the warrant. Id. at 856 (emphasis added); see also Beeler v. Oklahoma, 677 P.2d 653 (Okla.Crim.App. 1984) ("The pickup truck [that was searched] was parked in the yard of the residence, clearly within the 'curtilage.' . . . The fact that the vehicle did not belong to the owner of the premises cannot be regarded as significant, since it was not revealed to the officers until after the search." Id. at 657.)
The Tennessee Supreme Court upheld a warrant that only authorized a search of the described premises and did not include any reference to any vehicles. Lawson v. Tennessee, 176 Tenn. 462, 143 S.W.2d 716 (1940). Alcohol was seized from the defendant's car, which was parked nearby, and the court held: "While the warrant in this case specifically designated the building on the premises to be searched, we are of [the] opinion that the search of the automobile parked near the building, but on the same premises, cannot be said to be an unreasonable search."
Id. at ___, 143 S.W.2d at 717.
In Washington v. Frye, 26 Wn. App. 276, 613 P.2d 152 (1980), the warrant authorized a search of the defendant's address and all persons or vehicles found at that address, and he argued that this language in the warrant was improperly broad in scope. Id. at ___, 613 P.2d at 154. The Washington court rejected this argument, holding that the warrant language "authorizing a search of the 'residence/vehicles/persons' of defendant's address" was valid. Id. at ___, 613 P.2d at 156. The test for sufficiency of the description of the place to be searched is whether the executing officer can, with reasonable effort, locate the item to be searched. Because the warrant specifically referred to persons and vehicles found at defendant's residence, we hold it accords with the above standard." Id. at ___, 613 P.2d at 156 (citations omitted).
In Washington v. Huff, 33 Wn. App. 304, 654 P.2d 1211 (1982), the warrant authorized search of "the premises . . . and all the buildings and outbuildings thereon, and all property real or personal situated on said described property." Id. at ___, 654 P.2d at 1214. The Washington court upheld the search because "[a]n automobile is usually considered personal property." Id; see also Washington v. Claflin, 38 Wn. App. 847, ___, 690 P.2d 1186, 1190 (1984) (where warrant authorized search of the defendant's "house, premises and curtilage," the court held that evidence seized from a car parked on the premises was admissible).
The Alabama court has held that when a truck that was searched "was parked in appellant's backyard, directly behind his back door [it] was clearly within the curtilage of the dwelling and, therefore, on the 'premises' described by the search warrant." Korreckt v. Alabama, 507 So.2d 558 (Ala.Crim.App. 1986); cf. New Jersey v. Parsons, 83 N.J. Super. 430, 200 A.2d 340, 349 (1964) (held that warrant did not authorize search of the car because (1) the warrant described only the building and did not include "curtilage" or "appurtenances," and (2) the car was parked on the street, not on the described premises).
The defendant's van, at the time of the search, was located on a private unpaved driveway which provided ingress and egress to 943 Schrider Road. The house itself was on a large plot of land and was considerably distant from other houses, and the van was parked directly in front of the house. We conclude that the physical characteristics of the premises for which the search warrant issued and the location of the van on the premises were such as to render the van subject to search on the basis of the averments in the affidavit and the "all vehicles . . . on the property" language of the warrant. We therefore uphold the search of the van as valid under the search warrant.
IV. [38] Probable Cause
Having concluded that David Juarez did not have standing to challenge the search warrant with respect to the search of the house, we must determine whether the affidavit underlying the search warrant contained probable cause to justify the search of the van parked in the driveway.
The three-page affidavit stated in part:
"On 3-15-88, your affiant received information from . . . the Federal Bureau of Investigation that they had an arrest warrant for Obstruction of Justice on . . . RONNIE EDMONDSON and . . . MAXINE JUAREZ.
"Your affiant had previous knowledge of Ronnie Edmondson and advised Agent Sullivan that Ronnie Edmondson and another Hispanic male by the name of DEAN RODRIQUEZ both appeared to be living at a residence at 943 Shrider Road in Colorado Springs. Your affiant was also advised by Agent Sullivan that Edmondson and Rodriquez both appeared to spend a lot of time at 16 Leaming Drive in Colorado Springs.
. . . .
"Your affiant and other members of the Narcotics Unit and Federal Bureau of Investigation maintained a surveillance of the 943 Shrider Road address and also the 16 Leaming Road address to watch for the wanted persons. . . .
". . . . At approximately 2:00 p.m. [on 3/16/88], Ronnie Edmondson and Dean Rodriquez exited the residence and got into a 1976 gold Mercedes Benz with Arizona license plate ARX-116 and drove from the residence.
". . . [T]he Mercedes Benz was stopped by a marked patrol unit . . . . Ronnie Edmondson was, at this time, arrested on the federal warrant for Obstruction of Justice. . . .
. . .
"Members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Colorado Springs Police Department Narcotics Unit at this time entered the residence at 943 Shrider Road to attempt to arrest Maxine Juarez, who was wanted on the federal warrant.
"While checking the residence for the suspect, your affiant observed a small plastic baggie which contained suspected marijuana laying on a counter in the kitchen of the residence. Your affiant also observed in the northeast bedroom of the residence there were scales and several empty plastic bags, approximately two feet square and one foot thick, which contained marijuana residue and had the weight written on the side of the back along with the package number.
"Upon entering the attached garage to the residence to look for suspect, Maxine Juarez, your affiant opened a door to a closet in the garage and observed two bales of suspected marijuana on the top shelf of the closet. Your affiant then went to another closet in the garage and upon opening that door, observed twenty to thirty bales of suspected marijuana. Your affiant noted there was a black and gray Chevrolet Suburban parked in the garage and upon opening the door to look inside it for the suspect, your affiant observed more bales of the suspected marijuana.
"The wanted female, Maxine Juarez, was not located inside the residence and there were no other persons inside the residence.
. . .
"Based on the aforementioned information, your affiant request [sic] that a search warrant be issued for the residence and attached garage and all vehicles and sheds on that property. Possession of Marijuana and Possession of Marijuana to Dispense are both violations of Colorado Revised Statutes 18-18-106."
"An affidavit which sets forth sufficient facts for a person of reasonable caution to believe that contraband or material evidence of criminal activity will be found in the place to be searched is sufficient to support a search warrant." People v. Tufts, 717 P.2d 485, 493 (Colo. 1986); People v. Hill, 690 P.2d 856, 859 (Colo. 1984).
The presence of marijuana in the kitchen of the residence, the bedroom, the garage, and in the vehicle parked in the garage would lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that contraband would be found on the premises. In Tufts, the trial court had suppressed the evidence seized from the defendant's vehicle, which was parked across the street from the defendants' apartment. This court reversed, holding:
"In our view, the facts establishing probable cause to believe that Tufts was involved in the cocaine transaction, which were largely included in Detective Hall's affidavit, combined with Tufts' statement that he was the owner of the Cadillac, supported a reasonable belief that contraband or narcotics-related evidence would be found in Tufts' car.
Tufts, 717 P.2d at 493; see also Florida v. Haugee, 402 So.2d 1216, 1217 (Fla.App. 1981) ("In this case a probable cause for the warrant was the reasonable belief that contraband drugs were going to be somewhere in or around this single family dwelling."). There does not have to have been a direct observation to establish probable cause. Probable cause "may arise out of the type of crime, the nature of the missing items, the extent of the suspect's opportunity for concealment and normal inferences as to where a criminal might likely hide the items." Beeler v. Oklahoma, 677 P.2d 653, 657-58 (Okla.Crim.App. 1984). Because there was probable cause to support the warrant at issue here, the warrant was valid and the evidence was lawfully seized as to David Juarez.
V.
In summary, we conclude that David Juarez did not have standing to challenge the search warrant with respect to the search of the house. The observations in the affidavit underlying the search warrant do not need to be stricken before the assessment of probable cause is made to support the search warrant. Finally, we conclude that the phrase "all vehicles" did not, under these circumstances, result in an impermissibly broad search. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
JUSTICE ERICKSON dissents; JUSTICE KIRSHBAUM joins in the dissent.
JUSTICE LOHR dissents; JUSTICE ERICKSON joins in the dissent in part.