Summary
finding evidence sufficient to prove larceny where the defendants took a ring from a jewelry store and the ring was found in the parking lot several hours later
Summary of this case from People v. LawrenceOpinion
Docket No. 78-4387.
Decided July 1, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Rita Chastang, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Bernstein, Rabinovitz Weitzman, P.C., for defendant on appeal.
Defendant appeals of right from his conviction, by a jury, of larceny in a building, MCL 750.360; MSA 28.592. He was sentenced to prison for two to four years.
FACTS
Defendant and a woman entered a jewelry store and asked to see wedding rings. While the woman tried to distract the salesman, the salesman and the cashier saw defendant lean over and grab an expensive diamond ring through the opened door in the back of a showcase. "Give me that ring," the salesman demanded. "What ring? I don't have a ring," defendant said. When the salesman yelled to the cashier, "Call the police," defendant passed something from his hand to the hand of the woman, who then ran from the store. Defendant quickly followed her. Several hours later the missing ring was found in the parking lot and returned by an honest woman, Elizabeth Hands.
The trial judge conducted a very patient and thorough inquiry before ruling that defendant's statements to the police were admissible. Defendant had falsely denied that he had signed a Miranda warning card and falsely claimed that he had been beaten. In his statement, defendant said he and his girlfriend were looking at rings when he was accused of taking one. He denied it and left. After his statement, he offered to take the police to her apartment. On the way there, he asked the detective what he would do for him and said he wanted to be released. When he was told that the detective couldn't make any promises, defendant refused to take the police to his accomplice.
Four years earlier, defendant had been arrested and convicted of larceny in a building. Later plea-bargaining reduced two separate breaking and entering charges to another conviction of larceny in a building and a conviction of attempted larceny in a building. The trial judge denied defendant's motion to bar use of his three prior convictions for impeachment; the motion was made after the Walker hearing and before the trial began. The trial judge referred to MRE 609 and noted that thefts are especially relevant to veracity.
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich. 331; 132 N.W.2d 87 (1965).
Defendant chose not to testify and no evidence was presented in his behalf. In his final argument, defense counsel contended that the jury could not find that defendant "intended to permanently deprive the owner of its property".
Three claims are made on appeal:
I. Evidence of an intent to permanently deprive was insufficient as a matter of law.
II. Admission of defendant's statements was error.
III. The court erred in allowing use of defendant's three prior convictions for impeachment.
I. LARCENOUS INTENT
The only logical and reasonable inference to be drawn from the proven actions of the defendant and his accomplice is that they intended to steal the ring they took.
It has become popular to refer to the "intent to steal" which is necessary to larceny as the "intent to permanently deprive the owner of his property". See chapter 23 of the proposed Michigan Criminal Jury Instructions. Unless there is evidence indicating an intention to return the property taken or that otherwise suggests that an intent to steal did not exist, the phrase "intent to steal" is really more accurate and more easily understood than the phrase that describes the mental element as the "intent to permanently deprive". Everyone, including jurors, basically understands the meaning of the commandment: "Thou shalt not steal." The chances are that some of the jurors have been tempted to steal something, sometime, themselves.
In the first place, at the time of a theft, the thief is only selfishly intent on his own personal gratification. Deprivation to a victim is a result, but it is not the purpose of a theft. Often the thief does not know who owns the stolen property and, usually, he does not care what happens to the victim. Because the thief is probably not thinking: "I want to permanently deprive the owner of this property," it is misleading to say that such a state of mind is an essential element of any larceny.
Secondly, the law does not require, in a literal sense, that a thief have an intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property. CJI Commentary, 23-11, observes:
"[O]ne may assume that as in other jurisdictions `intent to deprive permanently' means in application `lack of purpose to return the property with reasonable promptitude and in substantially unimpaired condition.'"
The current proposed revision of our criminal code, House Bill 4842, Section 3201(h), shows how much the words "permanently deprive" must be defined to get the phrase close to the true meaning of the word "steal". Sec 3201(h) says:
"`Permanently deprive' means doing any of the following: (i) Withholding property or causing property to be withheld from a person permanently or for such an extended period or under such circumstances, so that a significant portion of the property's economic value or of the use and benefit of the property is lost to the person. (ii) Disposing of the property in a manner which makes it unlikely that the owner will recover the property. (iii) Retaining the property with the intent to restore the property to the owner only if the owner purchases or leases it back or pays a reward or other compensation for the property's return. (iv) Selling, giving, pledging, or otherwise transferring any interest in the property. (v) Subjecting the property to the claim of a person other than the owner."
In the case before us, however the intent is labeled, there was ample evidence from which a jury could find that it existed although Mrs. Hands found the ring in the parking lot later in the day.
II. DEFENDANT'S STATEMENTS TO THE POLICE
The standard of review of the ruling permitting use of a defendant's statements, admissions or confessions is stated in People v Crawford, 89 Mich. App. 30; 279 N.W.2d 560 (1979). Rather than a definite and firm conviction that the trial judge erred, which would be necessary for us to reverse the trial judge, we have an independent conviction that he correctly assessed defendant's claims of police brutality and forgery as lies. We commend the trial judge for his initiative in obtaining evidence from a hospital and from a handwriting expert and for his patience during the hearing and trial.
III. THE MRE 609(A) QUESTION
A. Some General Observations
The purpose of the criminal justice process is to protect society, and accuracy should be its chief goal. The purpose of the rules of evidence, as stated in MRE 102, is "* * * to the end that truth may be ascertained and proceedings justly determined". Perjury is the enemy of truth and accuracy. Perjury occurs often in criminal trials, especially by the defendant, who has the most to gain by it. The proper application and interpretation of the rules of evidence must come to grips with that fact.
MRE 609(a)(2) requires the judge to bar mention of a defendant's past crimes during his cross-examination unless the prejudicial effect of the disclosure is outweighed by the probative value of his record on the issue of credibility. There is a ten year limit on all convictions, juvenile court histories cannot be used, and use of convictions for misdemeanors is forbidden unless the misdemeanor is especially relevant to veracity because it involves dishonesty, false statement or theft.
If the criminal conviction record that is the subject of an MRE 609(a) motion is extensive, it will indicate the defendant is a serious recidivist, a professional criminal. Often the series of convictions to be considered are for the same type of crime as the offense charged, because some professional criminals specialize in a particular crime. Armed robberies, narcotics sales, shoplifting, passing forged checks, burglaries or other criminal activity may become a life style. A professional criminal is apt to be a chronic liar. See Yochelson Samenow, The Criminal Personality (New York: Jason Aronson, Inc., Vol I, 1976, Vol II, 1977).
When the defendant testifies, the trial often becomes a contest as to who is telling the truth. A defendant's testimony will usually disparage or contradict the evidence against him. Frequently the issue of credibility is a comparison of the believability of the alleged victim or of an eyewitness with the defendant's denial. Suppression of the defendant's usable conviction record clothes him with a false and undeserved impression of good character that may be given great weight by the jury.
People v Baldwin, 405 Mich. 550; 275 N.W.2d 253 (1979), held that the similarity of a prior conviction to the offense charged increases its prejudicial effect and is a factor to be weighed against its use for impeachment. But frequently the probative value of a conviction, or series of convictions, is increased, proportionally or greater, on the issue of credibility because of that similarity. The principles underlying MRE 404(b) may bear upon the credibility issue, depending in part on the nature of the defense defendant's testimony presents, even if the similarities are not great enough so that the evidence would qualify under that rule.
When a victim says "He did it!" and the defendant says "I didn't," or "I was so drunk I didn't mean to," or even "I was ten miles away at the time," it is relevant to the central issue of who is telling the truth that the defendant has been guilty of similar criminal conduct before, perhaps repeatedly. Both the prejudicial effect and the probative value on the issue of credibility are because of the true fact of life, based on human experience and fundamental to human insight, that it is more probable that a person has committed a crime if he has done it before, maybe several times. A jury should not be deprived of that information simply because the crimes are similar or because the criminal record is extensive. When it comes to whom to believe, it should not benefit the defendant that he is a repeater, perhaps specializing in this kind of crime, or that his record is so bad that it will weigh heavily against him. After all, he committed the previous crimes and they tell a great deal about him and about whether he is lying now.
We recognize that a defendant may wish to have a ruling on the MRE 609(a) question in advance of the trial. It may affect whether the defendant will testify and, therefore, defense counsel's jury voir dire and the timing and content of his opening statement. However, the judge is in no position, in most cases, to rule on the question (except tentatively) until he has heard the prosecution's proofs and learned, out of the hearing of the jury, the substance of defendant's proposed testimony and has some idea of what other proofs defendant will present. That information is necessary to a balancing of the factors MRE 609(a) says the judge must weigh. The judge has no crystal ball with which to foretell prejudicial effect or probative value on credibility. The following questions are a partial list of factors crucial to the balancing required of the court: (1) Will the defendant's testimony directly contradict the testimony of one or more key prosecution witnesses? When the trial becomes a credibility contest, background information about the disputants is essential to a jury. (2) Will the defendant claim or imply good character, by his own testimony or by a character witness, that his hidden record would refute? MRE 609 does not entitle a defendant to "pull the wool" over the jury's eyes. (3) Will the defendant claim a defense such as diminished capacity due to intoxication, mistake, ignorance or accident that becomes far less probable in the light of his prior criminal conduct? A claim by a defendant, for example, that he left the store without paying for an item because he forgot he had put it in his pocket does not go over so well when it becomes known, on cross-examination, that the defendant has been convicted of several thefts before.
When the judge waits to find out what the theory of the defense is before finally ruling on the MRE 609(a) question, that question may become moot because evidence of prior convictions will be available to the prosecution through MRE 404(b), concerning similar acts, or MRE 405 and MRE 608, concerning character evidence; and, if not, the policies behind those rules may influence the MRE 609(a) issue. In some cases, defense counsel will make a MRE 609(a) motion in limine although the defendant has nothing reasonable to say in his own defense and will not testify regardless of the ruling. He may prefer a ruling against him to gain an appealable issue out of a hopeless trial. If the judge requires a preview of defendant's proposed testimony, the motion may be dropped.
MRE 609 is a modified version of Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence which grew out of case law developed in Luck v United States, 121 US App DC 151, 156, fn 7; 348 F.2d 763 (1965), and Gordon v United States, 127 US App DC 343; 383 F.2d 936 (1967). Luck advocated "the operation of a sound judicial discretion to play upon the circumstances as they unfold in a particular case", and observed that "a trial judge cannot be expected to give preliminary rulings which will foreclose him completely as the trial progresses * * *". Gordon recognized that before the trial judge decides whether and to what extent impeachment by prior convictions should be permitted, he might have to listen to the defendant's testimony outside the hearing of the jury. A recent Federal case, United States v Cook, 608 F.2d 1175, 1186 (CA 9, 1979), said:
"In future cases, to preserve the issue for review, a defendant must at least, by a statement of his attorney: (1) establish on the record that he will in fact take the stand and testify if his challenged prior convictions are excluded; and (2) sufficiently outline the nature of his testimony so that the trial court, and the reviewing court, can do the necessary balancing contemplated in Rule 609."
United States v Oakes, 565 F.2d 170, 171-172 (CA 1, 1977), said:
"Defendant could be asked to state the substance of his testimony in advance. Should defendant mislead the court, the court may later change its ruling and let the record in if otherwise admissible. A defendant will not thereafter be heard to complain of any resulting prejudice created by his own actions. Cf. Jeffers v United States, 432 U.S. 137, 150, 97 S.Ct. 2207, 53 L.Ed.2d 168 (1977). Indeed, a court's advance ruling might still be helpful even if made expressly provisional, allowing the court greater leeway to change it in light of later events and testimony."
Michigan recognizes that convictions involving theft, dishonesty or false statement are especially probative on the issue of who is telling the truth; therefore the Michigan rule permits use of such convictions although misdemeanors. Such convictions (although perhaps not all thefts) shall be admitted under Rule 609 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. A Federal judge could not exclude them. Although a Michigan trial judge could prevent impeachment use of crimes involving dishonesty, falsity, or theft if, in his discretion, he finds the prejudicial effect outweighs the probative value on the issue of credibility, if the Michigan judge decides otherwise, because of the obviously great probative value of such crimes, his decision can hardly be considered an abuse of discretion.
Gordon, supra, 940, said:
"In common human experience acts of deceit, fraud, cheating, or stealing, for example, are universally regarded as conduct which reflects adversely on a man's honesty and integrity."[9]
"The reason for exposing the defendant's prior record is to attack his character to call in question his reliability for truth-telling * * *."
The standard for appellate review of a MRE 609(a) ruling by a trial judge who recognizes his discretion and the factors to be balanced is stated in People v Worden, 91 Mich. App. 666, 675-676; 284 N.W.2d 159, 164-165 (1979):
"The decision concerning the admission of evidence of a conviction for the purpose of impeachment is addressed to the trial court's discretion. Its decision may only be reversed upon a finding that the discretion granted to it was abused. People v Merritt, 396 Mich. 67, 80; 238 N.W.2d 31 (1976). The term `abuse of discretion' was defined in Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich. 382, 384-385; 94 N.W.2d 810 (1959), as:
"`Where, as here, the exercise of discretion turns upon a factual determination made by the trier of the facts, an abuse of discretion involves far more than a difference in judicial opinion between the trial and appellate courts. The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise of the will, of a determination made between competing considerations. In order to have an "abuse" in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.'
"The discretion granted the trial court in this instance concerns the weighing of the probative value of evidence of a defendant's prior conviction against the prejudicial effect introduction of such evidence will have. The exercise of this discretion envisions a decision by the trial court based upon its evaluation of the given fact situation, rather than the application of any rigid legal standard, and the Spalding standard should be utilized to determine whether its discretion was abused."
It is difficult to imagine how an abuse of discretion can be found on review when the trial judge, who accurately realizes his function under MRE 609(a), finds that the probative value on the issue of credibility of criminal convictions involving theft, dishonesty or false statement outweighs their prejudicial effect, regardless of how many or how similar they may be.
B. This Case
In this case the trial judge recognized his function and exercised his discretion. The motion was made in advance of trial, right after the Walker hearing. At that hearing, the judge listened to defendant's claims of police forgery and brutality and must have concluded they were false when he decided that defendant had waived his Miranda rights and made a statement that was voluntary. Thus the judge had good reason to expect more perjury of the defendant, if he testified. Defense counsel did not assert that the defendant would testify if his record were suppressed, and neither defendant nor his lawyer said what his testimony would be. What could it be? He was distinctly seen by two eyewitnesses stealing the ring; surely he would have to dispute them. He had already admitted to the police that he and his girlfriend were present and accused of the theft. The trial judge referred to MRE 609 and permitted use, for impeachment, of defendant's three convictions, all recent, because they involved theft, a kind of dishonesty which would be especially probative of where the truth lies in this case. We cannot say that the court's ruling was wrong, much less an abuse of discretion, although the convictions were for the same or similar crimes.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S.Ct. 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
A judge who refers on the record to MRE 609(a) and quotes language in subparagraph (1) of that rule must be credited with recognition and performance of the function imposed upon him by subparagraph (2) of that rule when he decides the suppression motion. Incorporation of the controlling law into the court's determination by specific reference to the governing rule satisfies, surely, the previous requirement that "the trial court `must positively indicate and identify its exercise of discretion'" reiterated in People v West, 408 Mich. 332, 340; 291 N.W.2d 48 (1980), if that holding applies to trials conducted after March 1, 1978, the effective date of Michigan's Rule of Evidence. West reviewed a 1976 trial.
Affirmed.
M.J. KELLY, P.J., concurred.
I concur with my brothers that defendant's conviction should be affirmed. I do so separately, however, because I do not agree with the majority's "Some General Observations" of the MRE 609(a) question. The statement by the majority that, "Perjury occurs often in criminal trials, especially by the defendant who has the most to gain by it", is a generalization which I feel is factually unsound and hardly an appropriate guideline for those charged with the responsibility of rendering an impartial determination of guilt or innocence. As I find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's admission of evidence of prior convictions in this case, I would affirm.