Summary
In People v Jablonski, 38 Mich. App. 33; 195 N.W.2d 777 (1972), the prosecutor elicited testimony that the defendant exercised his constitutional right to remain silent as substantive evidence of the defendant's guilt.
Summary of this case from People v. JordanOpinion
Docket Nos. 11192, 11193.
Decided January 21, 1972.
Appeal from St. Clair, Halford I. Streeter, J. Submitted Division 2 December 8, 1971, at Lansing. (Docket Nos. 11192, 11193.) Decided January 21, 1972.
Walter Jablonski and Albert Stoponi were convicted of breaking and entering a building with intent to commit larceny. Defendants appeal. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Walter W. Turton, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Arthur J. Tarnow, State Appellate Defender, for defendants.
Defendants were found guilty by a jury of the felony of breaking and entering a building with intent to commit a larceny; MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305. Their convictions arose out of the breaking and entering of Bill's TV Store, in Marysville, Michigan. At trial, Louis O'Neill testified that he and his wife were awakened at about 4 a.m. by the sound of breaking glass. The O'Neill residence is located across the street from Bill's TV. Upon looking out their window, the O'Neills were able to observe a car parked next to the TV store, see that the front window of the store had been broken, and that the car parked next to the store was a light-colored convertible. The police were called.
At trial, Dean Keith DeShon, the owner of the store, testified that the store had been locked and that no one had been given permission to enter. He testified also that he was able to determine what was missing by comparing the merchandise on the floor of the store against inventory sheets. The TV sets found in defendants' possession at the time of their arrest were marked. At trial, defense counsel moved to suppress the admission of these TV sets, the motion was denied, and the sets were admitted into evidence and were identified as being from the store. The captain of the Marysville Police Department testified that at about 4:30 a.m. on the day in question, he received a radio call on his car radio that there was a breaking and entering in progress at Bill's TV Store. Upon receiving this message and being advised that a convertible was involved, the captain proceeded to Gratiot Avenue by the quickest route, which caused him to be at a point southwest of the store where he observed a convertible driving on Gratiot; he radioed his partner that he had spotted a car similar to the suspected car, and proceeded to follow the car. The officer turned on his overhead light and the suspect car stopped. The police officer's partner arrived and the two officers searched the car; they found two TV sets in the back seat and the defendants were arrested. The men and the car were searched; a pair of gloves were found on the front seat and two prybars were found on the floor. The captain testified that his partner read the defendants their rights. He further testified that, at the time of their apprehension, the police officers talked to the defendants and they did not care to discuss anything about it. Counsel for the defendants objected and moved for a mistrial on the basis that such a statement amounted to adverse comment on the defendants' rights to remain silent. The motion was denied. Later, the other officer was permitted to testify, over defense objection, that the defendants were informed of their right to remain silent and that they then remained silent when asked if they wished to talk.
This Court is now asked whether reversible error resulted when the arresting officers were allowed to testify, over the objections of the defense, that the defendants had been informed of their right to remain silent, and had then made no response to the question of whether they had anything to say.
The prosecution may not use at trial the fact that a defendant exercised his privilege of silence in the face of accusation, for such would penalize the defendant for exercising the privilege. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 468; 86 S Ct 1602, 1624; 16 L Ed 2d 694, 720; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
In Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609; 85 S Ct 1229; 14 L Ed 2d 106 (1965), the prosecution commented in closing argument that the defendant failed to take the stand and testify as to his alibi; the Supreme Court held:
"Comment on the refusal to testify * * * is a penalty imposed by courts for exercising a constitutional privilege. It cuts down on the privilege by making its assertion costly."
The Court then went on to hold that the Fifth Amendment, and its direct application to the Federal government and in its bearing on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, forbids either comment by the prosecution on the accused's silence or instructions by the court that such silence is evidence of guilt.
A year later Miranda v. Arizona, supra, applied Griffin, supra, to the interrogation stage. In footnote 37 the Court says:
"In accord with our decision today, it is impermissible to penalize an individual for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege when he is under police custodial interrogation. The prosecution may not, therefore, use at trial the fact that he stood mute or claimed his privilege in the face of accusation."
Long before Miranda, the rule in Michigan was that the prosecutor could not comment on the failure of a defendant to make a statement in the face of an accusation. See People v. Bigge, 288 Mich. 417, 425 (1939). This Court, in People v. Gisondi, 9 Mich. App. 289 (1967), held that statements of a person in custody may be used in evidence against him, but his silence may not.
The case of State v. Stuart, 456 S.W.2d 19 (Mo, 1970), while unique in the manner in which the testimony came before the jury, seems to be applicable to the instant case. In response to a question asked by one of the jurors, the police officer indicated that defendant remained silent after being informed of his rights. The Court held that, since the failure to volunteer an explanation is not admissible as an admission, the probability that the jury could have inferred that defendant, by his silence, admitted that the property was stolen by him was too great to allow the verdict to stand. The same could be said of the instant case. Since the defendants here were charged with breaking and entering, the probability that the jury inferred from the fact that they failed to explain their possession of the stolen property that they were admitting that they stole it, is just too great to say it was harmless error. This is amplified by the fact that the defense argues that there was no showing that defendants actually broke into the store. The defense contended that defendants were merely the transporters of the stolen goods.
This is not a case where the issue was not properly preserved by an objection at the trial court level, as in People v. Webb, 13 Mich. App. 625 (1968); People v. Lamson, 22 Mich. App. 365 (1970); People v. Thomas Martin, 26 Mich. App. 359 (1970); and People v. Shugar, 29 Mich. App. 139 (1970). Neither is this a case where the trial judge struck the testimony or admonished the jury not to consider the testimony, as in People v. Jew, 21 Mich. App. 408 (1970); People v. Skidmore, 28 Mich. App. 677 (1970).
In the instant case defense counsel vigorously objected to the testimony and continually renewed the objection; yet the trial court allowed the testimony to be given, did not strike the testimony, and did not admonish the jury.
The admission of such testimony obviously was error. The only question is whether or not it was harmless error. For the reasons set forth in State v. Stuart, supra, it would not appear that it could be said that it was harmless error. Also, since the prosecutor failed to file a brief in opposition, the inevitable conclusion is that he agrees that reversible error was committed. People v. Walma, 26 Mich. App. 326 (1970). It would appear that the better rule is that there is absolutely no probative value in eliciting that the defendants were informed of their rights unless the prosecutor intends to offer a confession or statement made by the defendants. Since there is a potential prejudicial effect even from the mere mention of the rights statement, even in the absence of testimony that the defendant wished to exercise those rights, such statements should be excluded. Where there is an objection to such testimony, the trial court, in an attempt to alleviate the error, should immediately strike the testimony and instruct the jury that they should not consider it, and should then prohibit the prosecutor from making any further reference to the defendant's exercise of his right to remain silent.
Continued expansion of the harmless error rule will merely encourage prosecutors to attempt to get such testimony in, since they know that, if they have a strong case, such testimony will not be considered to be reversible error, yet if they have a weak case, they will use such testimony to buttress the case to gain a conviction and then hope that the issue is not raised on appeal.
The consideration of the other alleged errors is not necessary in the light of our holding herein, and such alleged errors may not occur at retrial.
Defendants' convictions are reversed and these consolidated cases are remanded for new trial.
All concurred.