Summary
In People v. Holbrook, 373 Mich. 94, 128 N.W.2d 484 (1964), the Michigan Supreme Court held that a justice of the peace had no jurisdiction to issue a warrant when the prosecuting attorney failed to sign a written order for such warrant.
Summary of this case from Glancy v. Parole Board of Michigan Dept. of Corr.Opinion
Calendar No. 21, Docket No. 50,089.
Decided June 1, 1964.
Appeal from Mackinac; Fenlon (Edward H.), J. Submitted February 4, 1964. (Calendar No. 21, Docket No. 50,089.) Decided June 1, 1964.
Charles F. Holbrook was convicted of violation of the conservation game laws. Reversed and defendant discharged.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and James R. Ramsey, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.
Wickett Erickson ( Charles C. Wickett, of counsel), for defendant.
In the early hours of November 13, 1961, two State troopers while on patrol near Cedarville (Mackinac county) observed a car approaching them. The troopers stopped their car, shut off the lights, and watched the car some 20 minutes. One trooper testified:
"Well, the car was stopped, and it would shut its lights off and show the flashlight and then turn them back on again, pull ahead and shine in the field again, until they spotted some deer in the field."
The troopers finally heard a "loud blast" and saw a person running from the car into the field. The car then started and continued on the road until it was stopped by the troopers. Defendant Holbrook was found to be the driver. He was ordered back to the point where his alleged partner was. The partner was apprehended with a 5-cell flashlight in his hand and a gun at his feet.
A conservation officer was consulted. He drew up complaints which were signed by 1 of the 2 troopers. A justice of the peace issued warrants.
At trial in circuit court, after appeal from justice court, Holbrook's counsel moved to quash on the ground that no indorsement or order in writing authorizing the warrant had been executed by the prosecutor. The motion was denied. The jury found Holbrook guilty.
The pertinent portion of CLS 1961, § 774.4 (Stat Ann 1961 Cum Supp § 28.1195) reads as follows:
"It shall not be lawful hereafter for any justice of the peace to issue warrants in any criminal cases except where warrants are requested by members of the State police or any sheriff's department for traffic or motor vehicle violations until an order in writing allowing the same is filed with such justice and signed by the prosecuting attorney of the county or unless security for costs shall have been filed with the justice."
Since the warrant was issued without the authority and written order of the prosecuting attorney, did the justice of peace have jurisdiction?
The above statute, to some extent, is a reenactment of Howell's Annotated Statutes (1882), § 7135a:
"It shall not be lawful hereafter for justices of the peace to issue warrants in any criminal cases, except in cases not cognizable by justices of the peace, or breach of the peace committed in the presence of the officer making the arrest, until an order in writing allowing the same is filed with such justice, and signed by the prosecuting attorney for the county, or unless security for cost shall have been filed with said justice."
People v. Griswold (1887), 64 Mich. 722, was decided under the above section. In Griswold the Court said:
"While an omission to secure an order from the prosecuting attorney before issuing process in criminal cases might subject the magistrate to censure, and possibly, in some cases, to pecuniary injury and official embarrassment, it was never intended to deprive the court of jurisdiction in any case; and whether the complaining party has given to the people security for costs in the case is a subject in which the respondent is not especially interested, and, if the people are satisfied to prosecute without such security, there is no reason why he should complain. The prosecuting attorney appeared and prosecuted the respondent before the police court, which is certainly sufficient approval by him."
Reconsideration of the holding in People v. Griswold, supra, is indicated at this time in view of the fact that the statute then in effect was repealed in 1927 and CL 1948, § 774.4 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1195), was enacted 2 years after the repeal.
The code of criminal procedure, PA 1927, No 175 enacted ch 14, § 4, without a similar provision, which was then added by PA 1929, No 290, and amended to its present form by PA 1958, No 136. — REPORTER.
The policy behind the statute would appear to be to insure orderly procedure by, in the main, funnelling all law enforcement through the prosecuting attorney, the chief law-enforcement officer of a county. Exception is allowed in connection with traffic violations, or a complainant is permitted to proceed on his own if security for costs is filed with the justice. The filing of costs assures payment to the justice, and is also a test of the complainant's belief in the guilt of the person accused.
There is a further exception to the above statute, contained in CLS 1961, § 300.12 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 13.1222), which reads:
"The director of conservation, or any officer appointed by him, may make complaint and cause proceedings to be commenced against any person for a violation of any of the laws or statutes mentioned in section 1 of this act, without the sanction of the prosecuting attorney of the county in which such proceedings are commenced, and in such case, such officer shall not be obliged to furnish security for costs. Said director, or any of said officers, may appear for the people in any court of competent jurisdiction in any cases for violation of any of said statutes or laws, and prosecute the same in the same manner and with the same authority as the prosecuting attorney of any county in which such proceedings are commenced, and may sign vouchers for the payment of jurors' or witness' fees in such cases in the same manner and with the same authority as prosecuting attorneys in criminal cases."
Conservation act, game and fish enforcement, PA 1929, No 192, as amended (CL 1948 and CLS 1961, § 300.11 et seq., Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 13.1221 et seq.). — REPORTER.
Since the legislature has made certain exceptions within CLS 1961, § 774.4 (Stat Ann 1961 Cum Supp § 28.1195), since it also provided a special procedure for handling game violations in CLS 1961, § 300.12 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 13.1222)fn__, and, finally, in view of the clear language of the statute itself which states that a justice of the peace cannot lawfully issue a warrant in criminal cases unless the statute is followed, defendant was unlawfully proceeded against.
"A justice's court is of inferior and limited jurisdiction and is confined strictly to the power conferred on it by law, to be exercised in the prescribed manner." In re Harrand, 254 Mich. 584, 590. The justice of the peace had no jurisdiction.
Should the illegal procedure be allowed to stand because the prosecuting attorney subsequently appeared and prosecuted the case? The initial unlawfulness may not be so validated. A prosecutor, under the circumstances of this or similar cases, might well feel under a compulsion to appear and prosecute even though he might not otherwise have done so in the exercise of his own independent judgment had he been consulted initially as the law requires. Griswold is overruled.
The verdict of the jury and the sentence imposed are reversed and vacated, and the defendant is discharged.
KAVANAGH, C.J., and SOURIS, SMITH, and O'HARA, JJ., concurred with ADAMS, J.
We have in this State a rule of statutory construction which — for this case — will bear repeating. It is that a long continued construction, given a long-standing statute by executive officers charged with its execution and administration (no one meanwhile having questioned such construction so far as our reports disclose), is entitled to most respectful consideration and will not be overruled without cogent reasons.
Michigan cases to the point are gathered in 16 Callaghan's Michigan Digest, Statutes §§ 109, 110, pp 494-496. Particularly as in today's instance, where the source of construction is a mature and hitherto unquestioned opinion of the official adviser of the State government, should that rule be taken into deliberative consideration. See, as dealing with the interpretational respect due such an opinion, the case of Johnson v. Ballou, 28 Mich. 379, at 384. The Court's opinion on that occasion was written by Mr. Justice COOLEY.
In 1929 Attorney General Brucker was called upon to decide today's question of statutory construction. He ruled that, under the amendment of PA 1929, No 290, which amendment duplicated in pertinent substance How Stat, § 7135a, it "would seem to be safe to hold that the provisions of section 2 * * * authorizing the issuance of a warrant in game law violation cases without either the approval of the prosecutor or the posting of security for costs are an exception to the general provision set forth in PA 1929, No 290, requiring the posting of security for costs or the written approval of the prosecutor in all cases." OAG biennial report 1928-1930, pp 658, 659.
The same substance was re-enacted by PA 1958, No 136.
Reference is to conservation act, game and fish enforcement, now found in CLS 1961, § 300.12 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 13.222). — REPORTER.
I would adhere to the foregoing opinion, not only in view of the rule of construction mentioned above but also in view of what was written for People v. Griswold, 64 Mich. 722. As for the proposal that Griswold be overruled, I point to considerations as follows. For more than three quarters of a century Griswold (a unanimous rather than divisive opinion), followed unanimously in the meantime by People v. O'Hara, 278 Mich. 281, 293, has stood in our trial courts as dependable precedent for the jurisdictional principle Justice ADAMS has quoted therefrom. For no reason whatever as I perceive, save only that Griswold is looked upon by some here as bad law for today's times, it is moved that we hold that this justice of the peace "had no jurisdiction" for want of written authorization by the prosecuting attorney of the warrant as issued; the warrant that prosecutor pursued later by successful prosecution. I cannot agree for reasons appearing in Griswold; also for reasons made plain over my signature in the Halfacre Case ( Halfacre v. Paragon Bridge Steel Co., 368 Mich. 366), at 384-389.
See treatment of Griswold in 1 Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law and Procedure 2d, § 186, p 221.
I would add this observation. In view of currently broached legal thought, that like overrulings in criminal cases are retroactively effective, any holding that the justice in cases as at bar has no jurisdiction to proceed is bound to provoke another group of appeals for newly defined and retroactively guaranteed due process. This is all so unnecessary, there being no persuasive reason for overrulement as proposed and the question of liking Griswold or liking it not being primarily one for legislative consideration. Surely, here, the doctrines of "legislative acquiescence" and "legislative acceptance" have come to fully effective flower.
There is, I fear, an all too easygoing tendency in our midst to overrule long since settled and unanimous but unsatisfactory constructions of standing statutes. Consider Halfacre, supra; also Wallace v. Tripp, 358 Mich. 668, 681; Harris v. City of Detroit, 367 Mich. 526, 536-539, and now In re Carey. 372 Mich. 378, 382.
I, too, believe that provably errant precedent of statutory construction, especially that which is of recent origin and is opposed by vigorous and portentously predictive dissent, should be overruled. See, for instance, the contribution made by the undersigned to Park v. Employment Security Commission, 355 Mich. 101, at 141-151. But, as pointed out in that contribution, stare decisis is the rule, and overrulement is the exception. The exception, to justify its application, calls for something more than contemporaneous disfavor.
No other presented question warrants discussion. I would affirm.
DETHMERS and KELLY, JJ., concurred with BLACK, J.