Summary
In Henry, the Michigan Court of Appeals assumed "in" had such a meaning, and upheld the defendant's conviction for recklessly discharging a firearm within his own home.
Summary of this case from U.S. v. CadenaOpinion
No. 214152.
Submitted November 3, 1999, at Detroit.
Decided December 17, 1999, at 9:05 a.m.
Appeal from Oakland Circuit Court, LC No. 97-151327 FH.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, David G. Gorcyca, Prosecuting Attorney, Daniel L. Lemisch, Chief Appellate Division, and Anica Letica, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Thomas P. Rabette, J.D., P.C. (by Thomas P. Rabette), for the defendant on appeal.
Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and DOCTOROFF and O'CONNELL, JJ.
After a jury trial, defendant was convicted of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure, MCL 750.234b(2); MSA 28.431(2)(2), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant was sentenced to one to four years' imprisonment for the discharge of a firearm conviction and two years' imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. Defendant appeals by delayed leave granted. We affirm.
The instant charges arose out of defendant's discharge of a firearm in his home, in the presence of his wife and son. On the night in question, defendant returned home after spending several hours at a bar. There was substantial evidence that defendant was intoxicated. Defendant and his wife had an argument upon his return home. During the argument, defendant lay on his bed and told his wife to leave him alone. At that point, defendant's wife told defendant that he had no self-control. In response, defendant stated something to the effect of, "I'll show you self-control," and retrieved a handgun from a dresser drawer. Defendant put a clip in the gun and fired the gun at the bedroom wall. Defendant's wife and young son fled to a neighbor's house, from which they called the police. The police searched defendant's house and found the gun outside the house, hidden under the deck.
At trial, defendant asserted a voluntary intoxication defense. Defendant testified that he could not remember the events that occurred in his home because of his intoxication and that he was unaware that the gun was discharged in his home until after he arrived at the police station. The jury found defendant guilty as charged.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in ruling that the crime of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure, MCL 750.234b(2); MSA 28.431(2)(2) is a general intent crime and, therefore, that voluntary intoxication was not a defense. We disagree. This issue presents a question of law, which we review de novo. People v. Connor, 209 Mich. App. 419, 423; 531 N.W.2d 734 (1995).
MCL 750.234b(2); MSA 28.431(2)(2) provides:
An individual who intentionally discharges a firearm in a facility that he or she knows or has reason to believe is an occupied structure in reckless disregard for the safety of any individual is guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 4 years, or a fine of not more than $2,000.00, or both.
"Specific intent is defined as a particular criminal intent beyond the act done, whereas general intent is merely the intent to perform the physical act itself." People v. Lardie, 452 Mich. 231, 240; 551 N.W.2d 656 (1996). "`[T]he most common usage of "specific intent" is to designate a special mental element which is required above and beyond any mental state required with respect to the actus reus of the crime.'" People v. Langworthy, 416 Mich. 630, 639, n. 9; 331 N.W.2d 171 (1982), quoting LaFave Scott, Criminal Law, § 28, p. 202. A general intent crime only requires proof that the defendant purposefully or voluntarily performed the wrongful act. Lardie, supra at 241.
To determine whether an offense constitutes a specific intent crime, this Court must look to the intent of the Legislature. People v. Bartlett, 231 Mich. App. 139, 160; 585 N.W.2d 341 (1998). To determine the Legislature's intent, we first look to the specific language of the statute. Id. Here, the statute prohibits "intentionally discharg[ing]" a firearm in an occupied structure. The intent to do the physical act, that is, the intent to discharge a firearm in an occupied structure, satisfies the intent element of the statute. The statute does not require any criminal intent beyond the act done, such as the intent to injure a person or damage property by discharging a firearm. All that is required is proof that defendant purposefully or voluntarily, in other words, "intentionally," discharged a firearm in an occupied structure. Lardie, supra at 241.
This Court has stated that "[w]ords typically found in specific intent statutes include `knowingly,' `willfully,' `purposely,' and `intentionally.'" People v. Davenport, 230 Mich. App. 577, 580; 583 N.W.2d 919 (1998); see also People v. Norman, 176 Mich. App. 271, 275; 438 N.W.2d 895 (1989). However, we do not believe the use of the word "intentionally" in MCL 750.234b(2); MSA 28.431(2)(2) indicates that the Legislature intended the offense to require a specific intent. Rather, the use of the word "intentionally" in MCL 750.234b(2); MSA 28.431(2)(2) was intended to prevent an innocent or accidental discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure from constituting a crime. See People v. Karst, 138 Mich. App. 413, 416; 360 N.W.2d 206 (1984) ("In other cases, this Court has reasoned that where the knowledge element of an offense is necessary simply to prevent innocent acts from constituting crimes, the knowledge element is merely a general intent requirement and the offense is not a specific intent crime to which voluntary intoxication is a defense.") See also 21 Am.Jur.2d, Criminal Law, § 130, p. 215 ("In the absence of qualifying provisions, the terms `intent' and `intentional' in a criminal statute refer to general criminal intent.")
Here, because the statute does not require proof of the intent to cause a particular result or the intent that a specific consequence occur as a result of the performance of the prohibited act, but only requires proof that defendant intentionally discharged the firearm, the trial court correctly concluded that the crime of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is a general intent crime.
Defendant next argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel because defense counsel asserted a voluntary intoxication defense at trial despite the trial court's ruling that discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is not a specific intent crime. We disagree. To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that the representation prejudiced the defendant to the extent that it denied him a fair trial. People v. Pickens, 446 Mich. 298, 302-303; 521 N.W.2d 797 (1994). To demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's error, the result of the proceedings would have been different. People v Stanaway, 446 Mich. 643, 687-688; 521 N.W.2d 557 (1994). Defendant must overcome a strong presumption that counsel's assistance constituted sound trial strategy. Id. at 687. Because defendant did not move for a new trial or a Ginther hearing, our review is limited to mistakes apparent from the record. People v Barclay, 208 Mich. App. 670, 672; 528 N.W.2d 842 (1995).
People v. Ginther, 390 Mich. 436, 442-444; 212 N.W.2d 922 (1973).
Voluntary intoxication is a defense only to a specific intent crime. People v. Maleski, 220 Mich. App. 518, 521; 560 N.W.2d 71 (1996). Before trial, the prosecutor requested that the trial court determine whether the offense of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure required a specific or a general intent. The trial court ruled as follows:
All right. I haven't had — no case law presented to me. I've had nothing presented to me until, as I've got a jury panel waiting out — my ruling is, it's not a specific intent crime. Because it's not a specific intent crime, then the alcohol instruction as a defense will not be given.
The prosecutor then requested that the court direct defense counsel not to argue an intoxication defense and that the court give CJI2d 6.1, which instructs the jury that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to the charged crimes. In response, the trial court commented:
No, you can argue — I don't have a problem with you arguing it because that's all it is, is argument. I'm more concerned about what this jury is going to be instructed with. And they're not going to be instructed that it's a specific intent crime.
Despite the trial court's ruling that discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is not a specific intent crime, the trial court stated that it would not read CJI2d 6.1 to the jury. The trial court also denied defense counsel's request that the court instruct the jury with respect to CJI2d 6.2, which instructs the jury regarding intoxication as a defense to a specific intent crime.
In his opening statements, defense counsel argued that the evidence would show that defendant's intoxication left him unable to form the intent required for the offense of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure. Thereafter, defense counsel presented evidence regarding defendant's intoxication on the night in question. At the close of the proofs, the prosecutor requested that the trial court reconsider its prior ruling that it would not instruct the jury that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to the offense of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure. Upon reconsideration, the trial court reversed its prior ruling and stated that it would, in fact, instruct the jury that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure. Despite that ruling, during closing arguments, defense counsel argued that defendant's intoxication prevented him from engaging in "conscious activity" and, therefore, that he was incapable of forming the intent to discharge the firearm. Subsequently, the trial court instructed the jury, pursuant to CJI2d 6.1, that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to the charged crimes.
Defendant contends that defense counsel was ineffective because he pursued an involuntary intoxication defense despite the trial court's initial ruling that discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is not a specific intent crime. However, under the circumstances of this case, we disagree. Before trial, although the trial court ruled that discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is not a specific intent crime, it stated that it would not instruct the jury that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to the charged crimes. Without such an instruction, the jury could have concluded from the evidence and arguments presented that, because of his intoxication, defendant did not intentionally discharge the gun. Defense counsel's decision to present an intoxication defense was a matter of trial strategy. This Court will not second-guess counsel regarding matters of trial strategy and will not assess counsel's competence with the benefit of hindsight. People v. Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich. App. 429, 445; 597 N.W.2d 843 (1999).
Defendant also challenges defense counsel's decision to continue to argue the intoxication defense during his closing arguments, even after the trial court reversed its initial ruling regarding the intoxication instruction and indicated that it intended to instruct the jury that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to the crime of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure. Clearly, defense counsel was faced with a problem when the trial court reversed its initial ruling regarding the instruction after the presentation of proofs. Defense counsel had relied on the trial court's initial ruling that it would not instruct the jury that intoxication is not a defense to the crime at issue and presented evidence accordingly. Defense counsel's decision to continue to argue the intoxication defense despite the trial court's intention to instruct the jury regarding CJI2d 6.1 was a matter of trial strategy, which we will not second-guess. Rice, supra at 445. Furthermore, during defense counsel's closing argument, he also argued that the jury should consider the lesser charge of reckless discharge of a firearm and that the prosecution failed to carry its burden of proof with regard to each element of the charged offense. Under the unusual circumstances of this case, we are not convinced that defense counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Pickens, supra at 302-303.
Furthermore, defendant has not shown that he was prejudiced by defense counsel's representation. Pickens, supra. Defendant contends that defense counsel was ineffective because he improperly focused on the intoxication defense and failed to present the defense of accident. However, in light of the uncontroverted testimony of defendant's wife that defendant stated "I'll show you self-control," retrieved the gun from a drawer, put the clip in the gun, and raised the gun toward the wall immediately before she heard the gun fire, it is not reasonably likely that the jury would have concluded that defendant accidentally fired the gun. Defendant has not shown a reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have been different had defense counsel presented an accident defense rather than focusing on the intoxication defense. Stanaway, supra at 687-688. Accordingly, we conclude that defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel.
Although defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel, we note that the trial court erred in initially ruling that it would not read CJI2d 6.1 to the jury, even after it concluded that discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure is a general intent crime, and even though it was aware that defendant intended to present a voluntary intoxication defense. In reliance on the trial court's ruling that it would not give CJI2d 6.1, defense counsel's presentation of proofs focused on the intoxication defense. While the trial court later corrected its ruling regarding CJI2d 6.1, it did so after the presentation of proofs. The trial court's error seriously undermined the defense. While such an error may be grounds for reversal in other circumstances, the error does not require reversal under the facts of this case. As stated above, in light of the evidence presented, it is not reasonably likely that the presentation of an accident defense would have changed the result of the proceedings. Furthermore, in addition to the intoxication defense, defense counsel argued during closing arguments that the prosecution failed to satisfy its burden of proof and urged the jury to consider the lesser charge of reckless discharge of a firearm. Under the facts of this case, no other defense had a reasonable chance of success. Thus, the trial court's error does not require reversal.
Finally, defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury to consider the lesser offense of reckless use of a firearm, MCL 752.a863; MSA 28.436(24), immediately before the jury retired to deliberate. We disagree. Because defendant failed to object to the jury instructions at trial, he has waived any error unless relief is necessary to avoid manifest injustice. People v. Swint, 225 Mich. App. 353, 376; 572 N.W.2d 666 (1997).
A trial court is required to instruct the jury concerning the law applicable to the case and to present the case fully and fairly to the jury in an understandable manner. MCL 768.29; MSA 28.1052; People v. Mills, 450 Mich. 61, 80; 537 N.W.2d 909 (1995), mod 450 Mich. 1212 (1995); People v. Daoust, 228 Mich. App. 1, 14; 577 N.W.2d 179 (1998). Jury instructions should be considered as a whole rather than extracted piecemeal to establish error. Id. Even if the instructions were somewhat imperfect, there is no error if the instructions fairly presented the issues to be tried and sufficiently protected the defendant's rights. Id.
We find no manifest injustice here. The trial court instructed the jury regarding the elements of the lesser offense of reckless use of a firearm after the close of the proofs. The trial court also instructed the jury that it must consider the lesser offense if it could not agree that defendant was guilty of discharge of a firearm in an occupied structure. The fact that the trial court did not repeat the instructions regarding the lesser offense immediately before the jury retired to deliberate was not error.
Affirmed.