Opinion
Docket No. 54565.
Decided June 23, 1982.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel, and James L. McCarthy, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Keller Avadenka, P.C., for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was charged in a three-count information with committing murder while in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate a robbery, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278, and possession of a firearm while committing or attempting to commit a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424 (2). After a jury trial held August 25 through September 5, 1980, defendant was found guilty on all counts. Defendant was sentenced on October 14, 1980, to a term of natural life in solitary confinement at hard labor under count I, to a term of life under count II, and to the mandatory term of two years under count III. Defendant appeals as of right.
Defendant argues that his conviction should be set aside because of his two incriminating statements which he contends were improperly admitted against him. Defendant claims that the statements were obtained by police through improper interrogation when defendant was without the assistance of counsel and in a highly susceptible condition by reason of emotional excitement and the influence of medication. Resolution of this claim depends in part on whether the relevant police activity constituted interrogation.
"[S]ince the police surely cannot be held accountable for the unforeseeable results of their words or actions, the definition of interrogation can extend only to words or actions on the part of police officers that they should have known were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response." Rhode Island v Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 302; 100 S Ct 1682; 64 L Ed 2d 297 (1980).
This Court considered Innis at length in two fairly recent cases, People v Benjamin, 101 Mich. App. 637; 300 N.W.2d 661 (1980), and People v Rowen, 111 Mich. App. 76; 314 N.W.2d 526 (1981). In both Benjamin and Rowen, the Court concluded that spontaneous, volunteered statements by an in-custody suspect did not fall within the purview of Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966), and were admissible at trial.
The first statement the admission of which defendant objects to occurred on July 21, 1980, when Deputy Sheriff Stephen Allen was driving defendant from a preliminary examination on an unrelated armed robbery charge back to the Oakland County jail. Allen testified that defendant was highly emotional, upset, and angry. Allen's testimony indicates that defendant initiated the comments concerning the armed robbery and killing at issue. It appears defendant's first comments were spontaneous, volunteered statements. Even accepting defendant's emotional state, the mere transporting of a defendant on an unrelated charge is not an act reasonably likely to elicit incriminating statements.
The analysis of defendant's first statement is complicated by Allen's response to defendant that he must shoulder some responsibility. Responses to a police officer's question, prompted by a defendant's volunteered remark, need not be suppressed at trial, even if the volunteered remark was not preceded by Miranda warnings. People v O'Brien, 113 Mich. App. 183, 192-193; 317 N.W.2d 570 (1982). In this case, Allen never questioned defendant but merely responded to unfounded accusations by defendant. Allen's paternal comment was not an act reasonably likely to elicit incriminating statements.
The second statement the admission of which defendant objects to occurred on March 22, 1980, in a room at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Pontiac, Michigan, where Deputy Sheriff Michael Edwin was guarding defendant during hospital watch duty. At about 10 a.m., defendant started to cry. Edwin testified that defendant was upset but seemed awake and alert. Edwin's testimony indicates that defendant initiated the comments concerning the armed robbery and killing at issue. It appears defendant's comments were spontaneous, volunteered statements, even noting defendant's emotional state.
The analysis of defendant's second statement is complicated by the fact that defendant's statement was made while he was in a hospital recovering from injuries to the mouth area. Edwin could not be sure whether hospital personnel had administered any medication to defendant. This Court has not directly addressed the problem of volunteered statements while the defendant is under medication although it noted a problem in Benjamin, supra, 649, fn 4.
This Court recently addressed the problem of a susceptible defendant in considering whether a statement was voluntarily made in People v Harris, 110 Mich. App. 636; 313 N.W.2d 354 (1981). In Harris, defendant's statement was taken in the hospital emergency room where he was being treated for a gunshot wound to his arm. The record did not reflect whether defendant had received any medication, although the officer stated that he smelled alcohol on defendant's breath. At the time, defendant was receiving a blood transfusion. The duration of the detention was brief, and the conditions were not such as to have rendered the statement involuntary. The officer indicated that defendant appeared to understand what was happening and did not seem to be under the influence of either alcohol or medication. The Court concluded defendant's statement was voluntarily made. Id., 653.
See, also, People v Crawford, 89 Mich. App. 30; 279 N.W.2d 560 (1979), lv den 409 Mich. 914 (1980). But see Mincey v Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 ; 98 S Ct 2408; 57 L Ed 2d 290 (1978).
The instant case appears akin to Harris. John Stilp, an oral surgery resident at Detroit General Hospital, examined defendant on March 16, 1980, concerning defendant's injury to the lower jaw. Stilp removed bullet fragments from defendant's mouth. Defendant's statement was made on March 22, 1980, at St. Joseph Hospital in Pontiac, Michigan, where defendant was apparently still recovering from his injury. Edwin's testimony regarding defendant's statement reflects a situation where defendant was troubled not by his pain and injury but by his conscience and by concerns for his future.
Defendant's statements appear to have been spontaneous, voluntary, and, therefore, admissible. The trial court did not err by admitting them.
Defendant also argues that his right of cross-examination was irreparably harmed by the admission of two statements made by the codefendants which inculpated defendant. Defendant claims he was harmed because he could not call the codefendants for cross-examination in their joint trial.
Admission of a codefendant's confession, inculpating defendant, in a joint trial where the codefendant does not testify violates defendant's right of cross-examination under the Sixth Amendment despite an instruction that the confession cannot be used against defendant. Bruton v United States, 391 U.S. 123; 88 S Ct 1620; 20 L Ed 2d 476 (1968). Four justices sought to narrow the broad stance of Bruton in Parker v Randolph, 442 U.S. 62; 99 S Ct 2132; 60 L Ed 2d 713 (1979). Justice REHNQUIST concluded that the admission of interlocking confessions of nontestifying codefendants with proper limiting instructions conformed to the requirements of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. Justice REHNQUIST was joined by Chief Justice BURGER and Justices STEWART and WHITE. Justice BLACKMUN, the swing vote, concluded that any violation of the right to cross-examination was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt on the facts of the case.
This Court reached a conclusion similar to that of Justice REHNQUIST in People v Miller, 88 Mich. App. 210, 221; 276 N.W.2d 558 (1979), rev'd on other grounds 411 Mich. 321; 307 N.W.2d 335 (1981):
"Where the various confessions are interlocking or substantially similar, the `powerfully incriminating extrajudicial statements of a codefendant' ( 391 U.S. 135) are not present as in Bruton, and hence it is harmless error at most to admit such statements."
In the case at bar, defendant first complains of testimony by his brother, Michael Hartford, who testified under a grant of immunity. Michael Hartford testified that the codefendants told him that defendant had been shot in the mouth, that they had taken defendant to the Detroit Osteopathic Hospital and that defendant had killed someone. The court overruled defendant's objection that Michael Hartford's testimony was inadmissible hearsay.
The second incident of which defendant complains occurred during the testimony of Detective Sergeant Mark Goodrich. Goodrich testified that on March 18, 1980, at approximately 1:45 a.m., he took a statement from codefendant Charles Hartford. The statement was tape-recorded and marked as Exhibit 52. The taped statement was played for the jury. Defendant's attorney did not object at the time of the admission of the statement.
Miller appears applicable to both statements of which defendant now complains. Although our defendant did not confess in response to interrogation by the police, defendant made two spontaneous statements in which he admitted the armed robbery and the killing. Defendant's own statements interlock with the testimony of his brother regarding statements by the codefendants.
It appears under the circumstances of this case that there was no error in admission of the two statements of which defendant complains. However, even the erroneous admission at a joint trial of such evidence does not automatically require reversal of an otherwise valid conviction. Where the evidence supplied through the confession is merely cumulative and other evidence of defendant's guilt is overwhelming, the admission of a confession by a nontestifying codefendant is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Harrington v California, 395 U.S. 250; 89 S Ct 1726; 23 L Ed 2d 284 (1969). See also People v Johnson, 106 Mich. App. 570; 308 N.W.2d 287 (1981). The statements by Michael Hartford and Charles Hartford are cumulative of those made by defendant. The physical evidence and the testimony of the surviving victim leave no doubt that defendant committed the charged crimes. The gun and mask used by the perpetrator, the blood type at the scene and in the mask, the hair in the mask, the bullet hole in the mask, the bullet in defendant's jaw, and the bullets in the victims' bodies all point to defendant as the perpetrator.
Finally, defendant argues that the Michigan Supreme Court's abrogation of the felony-murder rule should be applied retroactively to defendant's case.
The Michigan Supreme Court abrogated the common-law felony-murder rule in People v Aaron, 409 Mich. 672, 733; 299 N.W.2d 304 (1980). The Court stated that its decision shall apply to all trials in progress and those occurring after November 24, 1980, the date of the Aaron opinion. Id., 734.
This Court has refused to give retroactive effect to Aaron despite the fact that one panel of this Court rejected the felony-murder rule four years before the Aaron decision, People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491, 505-506; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976), People v Bradley, 106 Mich. App. 373, 381; 308 N.W.2d 216 (1981), People v Brady Smith, 108 Mich. App. 338, 341-342; 310 N.W.2d 235 (1981). Defendant has suggested no argument which persuades us to ignore the clear statement of Aaron.
Affirmed.