Opinion
No. B130959
Filed August 21, 2000 Certified for partial publication.
Pursuant to rules 976(b) and 976.1 of the California Rules of Court, this opinion is certified for partial publication. The portions of this opinion to be deleted from publication are identified as those portions between double brackets, e.g., [[/]].
Appeal from the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, No. BA172984, Craig A. Veals, Judge.
Anthony J. Dain, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant Lacey Harris.
Susan K. Keiser, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant Charles Phillips.
Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, David P. Druliner, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Carol Wendelin Pollack, Senior Assistant Attorney General, John R. Gorey, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, William V. Ballough, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
California employs the M'Naghten test for insanity. When committing an offense, the accused must be incapable of understanding the nature of his or her act, or distinguishing right from wrong. Here we conclude that the test for idiocy is the same.
Charles Phillips was found guilty of second degree robbery. (Pen. Code, § 211.) The jury also found that a principal in the robbery was armed with a firearm. (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1).) [[The trial court found that Phillips suffered prior convictions for assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245), rape (§ 261) and residential burglary (§ 459) and that he served a prior prison term (§ 667.5). Phillips was sentenced to 25 years to life under the "Three Strikes" law. (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12.)]] Phillips contends he cannot commit a crime because he is an idiot within the meaning of section 26. [[He also raises a number of sentencing issues.]] We affirm.
All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
See footnote, ante, page 170.
FACTS
On August 16, 1998, Lacey Harris and Phillips entered a 7-Eleven store on West Pico Boulevard. At 4:30 a.m. the store clerk, Surinder Kumar, was in front of the counter. Harris hit Kumar on the head with a handgun and ordered him to open the cash registers. Harris removed $70 from one register and $25 to $35 from another register.Phillips said he wanted beer. Harris held the gun to Kumar's back and the three of them went to the refrigerator. Harris and Phillips took a case of malt liquor.
Harris told Phillips to search Kumar's pockets for money. Phillips took $10 from Kumar's pocket.
Harris ordered Kumar to give them food stamps. Phillips said he wanted cigarettes. Harris and Phillips took six or seven cartons of Camel cigarettes. Kumar gave them food stamps.
Harris and Phillips left the store and Kumar summoned the police. After a high speed chase, Harris lost control of the car.
In the car, the police found a fully loaded gun, a case of malt liquor that was still cold and cartons of cigarettes. The police also recovered cash and food stamps from Harris and Phillips. Kumar identified Harris and Phillips. Harris confessed to the robbery and assault. The incident was recorded by the store's security camera.
DEFENSE
Clinical psychologist Nancy Kaser-Boyd testified that Phillips has an intelligence quotient of 69. Intelligence quotients of 69 and below are classified as mentally retarded. Phillips cannot read, has poor impulse control and is a follower. Phillips is brain impaired due to a gunshot wound to his head. He is afraid of guns and did what Harris said because he was afraid of being shot. Phillips, however, knew what he was doing was wrong.
DISCUSSION I
Phillips contends he is incapable of committing a crime. He relies on section 26, which provides in part, "All persons are capable of committing crimes except . . . idiots. . . ."
California law exempts from criminal responsibility not only idiots but also the insane. Until 1982, statutes defined neither idiocy nor insanity. The definitions of those terms were left to the judiciary. In People v. Drew (1978) 22 Cal.3d 333, our Supreme Court rejected the traditional M'Naghten test for insanity. Instead, it adopted the test appearing in the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code. Under that test, "A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality [wrongfulness] of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law." ( Id., at p. 345, fn. omitted.)
In In re Ramon M. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 419, our Supreme Court adopted the same test for the defense of idiocy. The court pointed out that the judiciary had not found it necessary to fashion separate tests for the defenses of idiocy, lunacy and insanity because "all those terms describe mental conditions which render a defendant not `of sound mind' . . . ." ( Id., at p. 425.)
In 1982, section 25, subdivision (b) was added as part of Proposition 8. That subdivision provides in part that insanity shall only be found when the accused person "was incapable of knowing or understanding the nature and quality of his or her act and of distinguishing right from wrong at the time of the commission of the offense." Thus the M'Naghten rule was reinstated as the test for insanity.
The test for the defense of idiocy, however, is not defined by statute. The question is whether the Model Penal Code test adopted in Ramon M. still applies. We conclude it does not. As the court pointed out in Ramon M., there is no basis for distinguishing between insanity and idiocy for the purposes of imposing criminal responsibility. It would make no sense to conclude that lack of capacity to commit a crime is governed under one test in the case of mental illness and another test in the case of mental retardation.
We hold that the test for insanity as stated in section 25, subdivision (b) applies also to determine whether a person is an idiot pursuant to section 26. Because even Phillips's expert testified Phillips knew what he was doing was wrong, there is no basis for concluding he lacked the capacity to commit the crime.
[[II-V]]fn_
The judgments against Phillips is affirmed.We concur:
YEGAN, J.
COFFEE, J.
A petition for a rehearing was denied September 11, 2000, and the petition of appellant Charles Phillips for review by the Supreme Court was denied November 29, 2000.