Opinion
Docket Nos. 16737, 16738.
Decided July 22, 1974.
Appeal from Oakland, Arthur E. Moore, J. Submitted Division 2 May 13, 1974, at Lansing. (Docket Nos. 16737, 16738.) Decided July 22, 1974.
Ronald D. Harden and Jackie Rittenberry were convicted of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. Defendants appeal. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, and T.S. Givens, Assistant Appellate Counsel, for the people.
Kennedy, Carson, Fischer Potts (by David William Potts and David P. Philips), for defendants.
Defendants were found guilty by a jury of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305. On January 25, 1973, each defendant was sentenced to a term of five to ten years in prison. They appeal. We affirm.
James Fiss, a neighbor of defendant Harden's parents, testified that at about 5 a.m. on October 14, 1972 he was awakened in his home by a loud noise. He got up in time to see a car roll into his driveway. Two people jumped out of the car and disappeared into the darkness. This incident drew his attention to the nearby Harden residence because he knew that the owners were away. The vacationing Hardens had given Mr. Fiss a key to the residence and had told him that no one was supposed to be inside. Fiss then noted that the lights in the house were on and that a second strange car was in the Harden driveway. Fiss called the sheriff's department. The responding officer, Deputy Brown, was informed of the circumstances by Mr. Fiss.
Brown walked toward the Harden house to conduct a further investigation. On his way, he noticed that the lights had been turned out. Drawing his gun, Brown knocked on the Hardens' door. Defendant Rittenberry answered and identified himself as a guest of the owner's son. When questioned further as to defendant Harden, Rittenberry said, "Come on, I will get him". The deputy reholstered his gun and stepped inside. He remained in the foyer while Rittenberry went into the back of the house. While waiting for Rittenberry, Brown saw a third person — later identified as one Gary Wyman — apparently sleeping on a rollaway bed in the living room.
Rittenberry returned with Harden, and Mr. Fiss identified him as the owner's son. The deputy contemporaneously noticed that Harden's right hand had been severely cut. When asked about his hand, Harden responded somewhat vaguely that he had been hurt in a fight considerably earlier in the evening. The deputy noticed, however, that the untreated wound was bleeding profusely. Deputy Brown asked whether Harden, Rittenberry, and Wyman were the only ones in the house and apparently received an affirmative answer.
While this conversation was taking place, a backup officer, Deputy Eno, arrived on the scene. As the two officers conversed in the foyer, they heard a "thud" or a series of "thuds" from the back portion of the house. They investigated these noises and in the back bedroom discovered a fourth male subject lying in a bed apparently sleeping and a young female slumped in a closet apparently passed out. Eno returned from the back bedroom and went into the kitchen where defendants apparently were at the time. Eno called out to Brown, and he too entered the kitchen. The kitchen was in disarray. On top of a dryer near the kitchen table, Brown saw an electric scalpel with a good deal of blood on it. On top of the kitchen table, he observed a pile of glass tubes filled with a clear liquid and labeled in medical terms.
Brown then placed a call to his command deputy. Area cars were alerted to a possible B E at a doctor's office. A third officer, Deputy Theunick, received the alert while on his way to the Fiss residence. He remembered that there was a dentist's office near the Fiss address. Upon arrival at the dentist's office, he discovered that it had been broken and entered. All five subjects were placed under arrest. In the Oakland County Jail, defendants' shoes were seized. An examination of the glass embedded in the soles. At trial, the shoes were admitted as evidence.
The sole issue raised on appeal is whether defendants' arrest and booking was irreparably tainted by the initial discovery of the stolen goods in the Harden kitchen. Defendants contend that their arrest was a product of an illegal search and seizure in violation of US Const, Amendment IV and Const 1963, art 1, § 11.
For purposes of this opinion, we will assume, without deciding, the following: That defendants did not consent to the challenged police conduct and that Mr. Fiss did not or could not consent thereto; That defendants have standing to raise the issue of illegal search; That there is a proper relationship between the issue raised on appeal and defendants' motion to suppress.
The trial record contains no indication that defendant Harden resided in his parents' home, nor that the owners knew of or approved of the single night's usage. Furthermore, defendant Rittenberry testified that prior to the arrival of the police, defendant Harden was destroying parts of the house's interior with an electric hand saw.
There was no pretrial motion to suppress evidence. During trial, defendants requested and were granted an evidentiary hearing relating to the admissibility of defendants' shoes which were seized following arrest as part of the booking procedure at the Oakland County Jail. The scalpel seized at the Harden residence and photographs of the medical supplies were received into evidence without objection.
In People v Whalen, 390 Mich. 672, 677; 213 N.W.2d 116, 119 (1973), our Supreme Court distinguished between seizure which is the product of a search and seizure of items in plain view:
"As stated by the United States Supreme Court in Coolidge v New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443; 91 S Ct 2022; 29 L Ed 2d 564 (1971) the basic constitutional rule in this area is that searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment — subject only to a few specifically established and well delineated exceptions.
"However, before the above rule can be applied, and the exceptions to it come into play, it first must be established from the facts before the court, that a search did in fact take place for Fourth Amendment purposes.
"From Katz v United States, 389 U.S. 347; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967) there has evolved a test, applied by the courts, to determine whether or not a search, by Fourth Amendment standards, has indeed taken place. Simply put, if an individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy in the area searched, or the materials seized, a search has been conducted. `What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection.' Katz, supra, 351.
"Thus seizure of objects within the plain view of an officer, lawfully in a place where he had a right to be, are not proscribed by the Constitution. United States v Lee, 274 U.S. 559; 47 S Ct 746; 71 L Ed 1202 (1927)."
For the plain view doctrine to apply, the officer must be rightfully in a position where the evidence is plainly visible. There must be a prior justification for his intrusion and discovery of the evidence must be inadvertent:
"What the `plain view' cases have in common is that the police officer in each of them had a prior justification for an intrusion in the course of which he came inadvertently across a piece of evidence incriminating the accused. The doctrine serves to supplement the prior justification — whether it be a warrant for another object, hot pursuit, search incident to lawful arrest, or some other legitimate reason for being present unconnected with a search directed against the accused — and permits the warrantless seizure. Of course, the extension of the original justification is legitimate only where it is immediately apparent to the police that they have evidence before them; the `plain view' doctrine may not be used to extend a general exploratory search from one object to another until something incriminating at last emerges." Coolidge v New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 466; 91 S Ct 2022, 2038; 29 L Ed 2d 564, 583 (1971).
On the facts of this case, we hold that the initial intrusion into the Harden residence was limited and justifiable. Deputy Brown had been directed to the house by the next door neighbor who had been given a key, told to watch the house by the owners, and told that no one was to be inside. In response to Brown's query about Rittenberry's presence in the house, the latter answered, "Come on, I will get him [Harden]". Brown entered, but remained in the foyer. Soon thereafter Deputy Eno arrived and entered, but also remained in the foyer.
Defendants argue that once Mr. Fiss identified defendant Harden, the justification for police intrusion ceased to exist. This contention ignores the following facts: First, the testimony is clear that Brown had been told that no one was supposed to be in the house. Second, when Harden did come forward, his hand was bleeding profusely. Third, the officers were led to understand that Harden, Rittenberry, and Wyman were the only persons in the house. It was only after the occurrence of the "thud" or "thuds" that the officers went further into the house to investigate.
There was, therefore, a prior justification for the intrusion. It is also clear that the evidence seized was in plain view and that its discovery was inadvertent. The tubes labeled in medical terms were on top of a dryer in the kitchen. The electric scalpel was on top of the kitchen table. The record indicates that Deputy Eno entered the kitchen only after the discovery of the two strangers in the bedroom, one a young female slumped in the closet. Under the circumstances, entry into the kitchen in quest of an explanation from defendants of the presence of the two strangers cannot be characterized as unreasonable. Finally, the discovery of the evidence in the kitchen, combined with Deputy Theunick's knowledge of the burglary of the dentist's office, constituted probable cause for the ultimate arrest and booking.
The subject of police intrusion in this case was a private residence. This Court is aware of its consequential seriousness:
"The Fourth Amendment, and the personal rights which it secures, have a long history. At the very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion." Silverman v United States, 365 U.S. 505, 511; 81 S Ct 679, 683; 5 L Ed 2d 734, 739 (1961).
Greater foundational facts are necessary to support a finding that the intrusion was constitutionally reasonable when a house or a home is involved than if a moving vehicle were involved. After close scrutiny of all of the attendant facts, we hold that the challenged police conduct in this case was reasonable. The existing circumstances were such as to create a reasonable and honest belief in the minds of the investigating officers that the law was being violated. The fact that the initial intrusion was limited and then extended only after further unexplained occurrences argues against a finding that this was a general exploratory search. Discovery of the evidence in the kitchen was not anticipated and the officers were legitimately in a position which brought the evidence into plain view.
"Fewer foundation facts are necessary to support a finding of reasonableness when moving vehicles are involved, than if a house or a home were involved." People v Whalen, supra, 682.
Affirmed.
All concurred.