Opinion
Docket No. 16914.
Decided March 6, 1974.
Appeal from Washtenaw, William F. Ager, Jr., J. Submitted Division 2 December 11, 1973, at Lansing. (Docket No. 16914.) Decided March 6, 1974.
Harry L. Hampton was convicted of uttering and publishing a forged check. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William F. Delhey, Prosecuting Attorney, and John F. Salan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Michael C. Moran, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
The defendant was convicted by a jury of uttering and publishing a forged check. MCLA 750.249; MSA 28.446.
A Kroger store employee in Ann Arbor informed her supervisor that defendant had just presented a check and identification belonging to a former store employee. The defendant becoming suspicious left the store with the check and identification. The supervisor then alerted other area Kroger stores. Defendant subsequently presented the check to an alerted employee of another Kroger store and she notified her supervisor. That supervisor questioned defendant and called the police. The defendant escaped from the store minus the check and identification. The supervisor pursued defendant into the store's parking lot and obtained a license number of the automobile in which defendant departed. The police discovered that the license number was registered to defendant's brother.
The Kroger employees identified the defendant from a photographic array which included pictures of defendant's two brothers.
Defendant first claims that the court erred in giving a cautionary instruction over defendant's objection that no inference of guilt arises from defendant's failure to take the stand. The choice is defendant's. People v Abernathy, 29 Mich. App. 558; 185 N.W.2d 634 (1971); People v Moore, 39 Mich. App. 329; 197 N.W.2d 533 (1972); People v Bohm, 49 Mich. App. 244; 212 N.W.2d 61 (1973).
No error arises if the defense knows the court intends to so instruct and fails to object. People v Taylor, 42 Mich. App. 174; 201 N.W.2d 351 (1972).
The issue is factual as to whether defendant objected. At the close of the proofs and outside the presence of the jury, the trial judge indicated the instructions that he was going to give to the jury. One of these was an instruction concerning the fact that the jury was to draw no adverse inferences against defendant from the mere fact that defendant had exercised his privilege against self incrimination and did not take the witness stand. Defense counsel requested the court to refrain from giving such an instruction. The trial judge offering the benefit of his experience replied:
Defense counsel was trying his first criminal case.
"The Court: Well, the court feels in all difference [sic] to counsel, the court feels this should be given, the court from the experience we have had in these cases, feels that it is necessary to specifically instruct the jury that they cannot in any way hold it against the defendant, that he's not taken the stand. If feel this is very necessary for the jury to be apprised of this, that if they didn't receive this instruction, they might well discuss this in the jury room and hold it against the defendant that he didn't take the stand. Now, I'm basing this on past experience, we have had discussions many times with persons who have served on juries and the court has been impressed with the fact that the jurors do take instructions in criminal cases to heart. I don't believe the jury will turn around and do just the opposite of what the court instructs them. I believe this would be true — juries especially in this county are fine, intelligent people who would take this into account, would follow the judge's instructions. We have persons seated on this jury with varied backgrounds, but good education is represented in this jury. And, I feel they'll follow this instruction. Anything further on the instructions, Mr. Feltkamp?"
To which defense counsel replied:
"Not in the instructions. I do have a motion."
The trial judge did in fact give a proper instruction to the jury concerning the defendant's failure to testify. At the conclusion of the jury instructions the trial judge asked if there were any objections or additional instructions requested to be given. Defense counsel responded:
"I have no further questions and no objections."
Defense counsel failed to continue his objection to the instruction regarding defendant's failure to testify. He did not make it known to the trial judge that he still objected to the giving of that particular instruction. In Hunt v Deming, 375 Mich. 581, 584-585; 134 N.W.2d 662, 663-664 (1965), it was held that objections to jury instructions would only be saved for appellate review where the trial judge has ruled on requests and objections to the instructions before they are given to the jury and where counsel voices an objection on the record after the instructions have been given to the jury. According to Hunt such procedure must be complied with according to GCR 1963, 516.1 and 516.2.
In Goodwin v S A Healy Co, 383 Mich. 300, 305; 174 N.W.2d 755, 757 (1970), counsel objected to a proposed jury instruction. The trial judge instructed the jury contrary to counsel's objection and no objection was made by counsel to the instruction as given by the court. Because no objection was made, Goodwin relied upon Hunt and said: "We conclude that appellant's assignment of error in such regard is not properly before us". 383 Mich. 300, 306; 174 N.W.2d 755, 758.
Assuming arguendo that the trial court gave the instruction over defense objection, we do not think reversible error arose in the context of this case. First we note the unequivocal language of past cases. In People v Pruitt, 29 Mich. App. 230; 185 N.W.2d 57 (1970), the court held that a defendant's right not to take the stand is part of "the law applicable to the case within the meaning of MCLA 768.29; MSA 28.1052, which provides in part:
"The court shall instruct the jury as to the law applicable to the case * * *. The failure of the court to instruct on any point of law shall not be ground for setting aside the verdict unless such instruction is requested by the accused." See People v Moore, 39 Mich. App. 329, 333; 197 N.W.2d 533, 535 (1972).
The defendant is entitled to the instruction. People v Provost, 144 Mich. 17, 23; 107 N.W. 716, 718-719 (1906). There is no discretion to refuse the instruction and refusal to give it is error. People v Pruitt, supra.
The trial judge, desirous of avoiding error, and attempting to protect defendant's rights, did not commit reversible error in instructing the jury that no inference of guilt arose from defendant's failure to take the stand.
Next, defendant argues that the in-court identification by two employees denied defendant his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to counsel. He alternatively claims that the confrontation was so inherently suggestive and conducive to irreparable misidentification that due process was denied. In this factual context, defendant's arguments lack merit. Parenthetically, we do not subscribe to the prosecutor's "no objection, no error" theory. Since neither defendant nor his counsel was aware of the confrontation until much later, objection at trial was impossible. Defendant's motion for new trial sufficiently complied with procedural requirements.
Hearing testimony established that defendant and his counsel were present in court for the opening of trial. Two witnesses came to the prosecutor's office to discuss the case and be present during jury selection. The police officer in charge asked the witnesses to go downstairs and look for the check passer. One witness returned and reported seeing no one. He remained in the office with the other witness until they were called for jury selection. While both witnesses were standing near the elevator, in the company of the assistant prosecutor, defendant came upstairs and walked toward the courtroom. One witness spontaneously identified defendant to the prosecutor. The other witness did not identify defendant at that time, nor was she able subsequently to identify defendant in court. Given these facts, the witnesses' viewing was mere happenstance. The identification trilogy circumscribed with care police-induced, arranged confrontations. Foster v California, 394 U.S. 440; 89 S Ct 1127; 22 L Ed 2d 402 (1969); Griff v Fitzharris, 451 F.2d 151 (CA 9, 1971); United States v Jackson, 448 F.2d 963 (CA 9, 1971). The inadvertent pretrial confrontation detailed here is not within Wade's ambit. United States v Ballard, 418 F.2d 325 (CA 9, 1969); People v Yacks, 49 Mich. App. 444; 212 N.W.2d 249 (1973).
United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967); Gilbert v California, 388 U.S. 263; 87 S Ct 1951; 18 L Ed 2d 1178 (1967); Stovall v Denno, 388 U.S. 293; 87 S Ct 1967; 18 L Ed 2d 1199 (1967).
Defendant's reappearance in the photographic display, when other persons' photographs recurred, and his lone hatted picture, when all others were hatless, were not so impermissibly suggestive that a very substantial likelihood of mistaken identification arose. In any event, the record supports a finding that the in-court identifications had sufficient independent basis. People v Maniez, 34 Mich. App. 55; 190 N.W.2d 682 (1971); People v Hutton, 21 Mich. App. 312; 175 N.W.2d 860 (1970); People v Anderson, 389 Mich. 155; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973).
Finally, defendant contends that different classifications for bills of exchange and bank bills, which result in varying imprisonment terms, are arbitrary distinctions lacking a reasonable relation to the statutory purpose. People v Brooks, 43 Mich. App. 715; 204 N.W.2d 718 (1972), and People v Peace, 48 Mich. App. 79; 210 N.W.2d 116 (1973), which we adopt, found no equal protection violation.
Affirmed.
J.H. GILLIS, P.J., concurred.
I must dissent.
People v Abernathy, 29 Mich. App. 558; 185 N.W.2d 639 (1971), held that it was error for the trial court to instruct the jury that no presumption adverse to the defendant is to arise from the mere fact that he did not take the witness stand over the objection of the defendant.
In the present case, when it became apparent that the trial judge intended to mention defendant's right of silence, defense counsel timely requested that the trial judge refrain from instructing the jury on the defendant's failure to testify in his own behalf. This request was coupled with a clear explanation of the reason behind it. The defense wanted to avoid calling attention to defendant's silence. The trial judge refused the request and gave an explanation of the motives behind the refusal.
It was error for the trial judge to refuse the defendant's request. People v Moore, 39 Mich. App. 329; 197 N.W.2d 533 (1972); People v Abernathy, supra. The objection was never withdrawn. GCR 1963, 507.5 states:
"Exceptions Unnecessary. Formal exceptions to rulings or orders of the court are unnecessary. It is sufficient that a party, at the time of the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the court to take or his objection to the action of the court and his grounds therefor; and, if a party has no opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence of the objection does not thereafter prejudice him."
I would reverse and remand for a new trial.