Summary
discussing the right to counsel under the State Constitution
Summary of this case from People v. WashingtonOpinion
88
Argued June 5, 2003.
June 26, 2003.
APPEAL, by permission of the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, from an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Second Judicial Department, entered April 29, 2002, which affirmed a judgment of the Supreme Court (Latella, J., at suppression hearing; Katz, J., at trial and sentence), rendered in Queens County upon a verdict convicting defendant of burglary in the first degree (two counts), burglary in the second degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree.
Lisa Napoli, for appellant.
Donna Aldea, for respondent.
New York State Defenders Association, amicus curiae.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Smith, Ciparick, Rosenblatt and Read concur.
In this case we must determine whether the State constitutional right to counsel was violated when police continued to question and obtain inculpatory statements from the defendant after his father informed a detective that an attorney was en route to the police station. Based on the facts of this case, we conclude that defendant's indelible right to counsel did not attach by virtue of the information provided by his father.
According to the facts found by the suppression court and undisturbed by the Appellate Division, defendant was arrested after being implicated in a shooting. He was taken to a police station and advised of hisMiranda rights. At 11:20 A.M. he executed a form acknowledging and waiving those rights. Defendant subsequently provided two written statements, one signed at 1:45 P.M. and the other at 2:00 P.M., in which he admitted that he acted as a look-out and hid a handgun for the actual shooter.
At about 12:30 P.M., defendant's father arrived at the station and told a detective that his son should not be questioned because he had an attorney coming to the station. Defendant's father then left the station after being informed that he could not speak to his son. At 2:10 P.M., defendant's attorney contacted the lead detective by telephone and notified him that defendant was represented by counsel. The interrogation immediately ceased.
Defendant moved to suppress his written statements, arguing that his State constitutional rights were violated because his indelible right to counsel attached when his father informed the detective that an attorney was coming to the station. As a result, defendant asserted that the two inculpatory statements were inadmissible. The hearing court denied the suppression motion, concluding that the interrogation was not improper because defendant made both statements before an attorney had contacted the police and requested the cessation of questioning.
Following a jury trial, defendant was acquitted of attempted murder in the second degree but convicted of two counts of burglary in the first degree, and one count each of burglary in the second degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree. The Appellate Division affirmed the convictions and a Judge of this Court granted leave to appeal.
Defendant primarily relies upon People v. Arthur ( 22 N.Y.2d 325) for the proposition that the identity of the person who apprises the police that a suspect is represented by counsel is not relevant to a determination of whether an attorney has entered a criminal matter. We disagree.
The indelible right to counsel arises from the provision of the State Constitution that guarantees due process of law, the right to effective assistance of counsel and the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination (see N.Y. Const, art I, § 6; People v. Bing, 76 N.Y.2d 331, 338-339). The right is "indelible" because once it "attaches," interrogation is prohibited unless the right is waived in the presence of counsel (see People v. Hobson, 39 N.Y.2d 479, 481). Attachment can occur in several ways. The right to counsel arises when a criminal action is formally commenced by the filing of an accusatory instrument (see People v. Ramos, 99 N.Y.2d 27, 32; People v. Di Biasi, 7 N.Y.2d 544, 550-551). A suspect's right to counsel can also attach before an action is commenced when a person in custody requests to speak to an attorney or when an attorney who is retained to represent the suspect enters the matter under investigation (see People v. West, 81 N.Y.2d 370, 373-374; People v. Hobson, 39 N.Y.2d at 481).
Defendant contends that his attorney "entered" the case and thereby triggered his indelible right to counsel at the moment his father advised the police that there was an attorney on the way to the police station.
Defendant does not claim that this lawyer was representing him on other pending criminal charges at the time of his arrest (compare People v. Burdo, 91 N.Y.2d 146, 149-150 [1997]).
The significance of an attorney's "entry" into a criminal case was first recognized in People v. Donovan ( 13 N.Y.2d 148), which addressed the admissibility of a written confession taken from a defendant "after the police had refused to allow an attorney, retained for [the defendant] by his family while he was in custody, to see or speak with him" (id. at 151). We concluded that the confession had to be excluded because it was obtained after the attorney had requested and been denied access to his client. We subsequently held that a telephonic communication between a defendant's attorney and the police suffices to establish counsel's entry into a case, at which point the police are required to cease all questioning (see People v. Gunner, 15 N.Y.2d 226, 231-232).
In Arthur we addressed whether the right to counsel attaches in the absence of a formal retainer between a suspect and a lawyer. The attorney, who represented the defendant in several unrelated civil matters, went to police headquarters to see his client after learning of the defendant's arrest. Counsel identified himself as the defendant's attorney and asked to speak to his client. The police refused access until questioning was completed and the defendant had signed a written confession. After the attorney met with his client he informed the police that they should not have further discussions with the defendant. The following morning, a detective elicited additional incriminating statements in counsel's absence. This Court concluded that the defendant's statements were taken in violation of the indelible right to counsel, reasoning that the right is not dependent upon such "`mechanical' and `arbitrary' requirements" as a formal retainer but rather "once the police know or have been apprised of the fact that the defendant is represented by counsel or that an attorney has communicated with the police for the purpose of representing the defendant, the accused's right to counsel attaches" ( 22 N.Y.2d at 329).
Defendant in this case relies upon the "know or have been apprised" language in Arthur to support his contention that the identity of the individual who notifies the police that a defendant is represented by counsel is irrelevant. In the 35 years since Arthur was decided, however, we have not altered the rule that assures the reliability of the representation regarding the retention of counsel by requiring the personal involvement of an attorney or law firm. Our decisions prior to and since Arthur demonstrate that "entry" is premised on the actual appearance or communication by an attorney (see e.g. People v. West, 81 N.Y.2d at 374; People v. Schaeffer, 56 N.Y.2d 448, 454; People v. Marrero, 51 N.Y.2d 56, 59; People v. Garofolo, 46 N.Y.2d 592, 599-600; People v. Pinzon, 44 N.Y.2d 458, 464; People v. Hobson, 39 N.Y.2d at 481-482; People v. Donovan, 13 N.Y.2d at 151) or the attorney's professional associate (see People v. Ressler, 17 N.Y.2d 174, 178, rearg denied 17 N.Y.2d 918).
People v. Schaeffer ( 56 N.Y.2d 448) is not inconsistent with the need for direct communication by counsel. In Schaeffer the defendant took police officers to his mother's house to retrieve a murder weapon. While there, his mother told a detective that she had an attorney on the telephone. The detective refused to talk to the attorney and indicated to the defendant's mother that the lawyer would have to meet the officers at the police station. The defendant later gave an incriminating statement at the station without counsel being present. The People conceded, and we determined in Schaeffer, that the admission of the statement was erroneous because the defendant's right to counsel had attached once the police knew the attorney was on the telephone attempting to speak to the officers (see id. at 454).
Our right to counsel jurisprudence has continuously evolved with the ultimate goal of "achieving a balance between the competing interests of society in the protection of cherished individual rights, on the one hand, and in effective law enforcement and investigation of crime, on the other" (People v. Waterman, 9 N.Y.2d 561, 564). This objective is attained through the adoption of "pragmatic and * * * simple test[s]" (People v. Failla, 14 N.Y.2d 178, 181) grounded on "common sense and fairness" (People v. Bing, 76 N.Y.2d at 339) which "avoid irregularity or uncertainty about whether there has or has not been an actual appearance by counsel" (People v. Failla, 14 N.Y.2d at 182). An appearance or direct communication by counsel is the most "practical [rule] under the circumstances" (People v. Pinzon, 44 N.Y.2d at 464) because it "provid[es] an objective measure to guide law enforcement officials and the courts" (People v. Robles, 72 N.Y.2d 689, 699), and confirms that counsel has been "actually retained" to represent the defendant (People v. West, 81 N.Y.2d at 373).
It is true, as defendant claims, that we have consistently rejected attempts to undermine the right to counsel with "mechanical" requirements (see People v. Arthur, 22 N.Y.2d at 329; People v. Gunner, 15 N.Y.2d at 232). Our refusal, however, has always been based upon an unequivocal indication that counsel has entered a criminal matter (see e.g. People v. Pinzon, 44 N.Y.2d at 464-465). In such instances, we have declined to rely on factors that are either trivial (see People v. Arthur, 22 N.Y.2d at 329 [attachment not dependent upon the existence of a formal retainer agreement]), impractical (see People v. Gunner, 15 N.Y.2d at 231-232 [counsel not required to be physically present at location where client is in custody]) or fundamentally unfair to the rights of the accused (see People v. Pinzon, 44 N.Y.2d at 464-465 [attorney not required to inform specific police officer in charge of investigation but can give notice of representation by calling general information number at police station]). The certainty of establishing the retention of counsel is critical because at that juncture, law enforcement is obligated to determine whether that representation continues in situations where the scope of the attorney-client relationship is uncertain (see e.g. People v. Marrero, 51 N.Y.2d at 59; People v. Coleman, 42 N.Y.2d 500, 507; People v. Ramos, 40 N.Y.2d 610, 617-618).
The bright-line rule we reaffirm in this case insures that counsel's involvement is reliably communicated to the police as soon as possible, thereby preventing an interrogation from continuing on the basis of what a particular police officer may consider to be ambiguous or untrustworthy information provided by a relative or friend of the suspect, or some other third party. Although it is conceivable that a third party could reliably impart knowledge of counsel's involvement to the police, it would be unreasonable to require the police to cease a criminal investigation and begin a separate inquiry to verify whether the defendant is actually represented by counsel. Direct communication by an attorney or a professional associate of the attorney to the police assures that the suspect "has actually retained a lawyer in the matter at issue" and justifies the immediate cessation of an interrogation (People v. West, 81 N.Y.2d at 373-374;see People v. Ressler, 17 N.Y.2d at 178).
Nor is it arbitrary to differentiate between information provided by a defendant and a third party. A defendant's statement that counsel has been retained is considered an "invocation" of the indelible right to counsel, as opposed to actual "entry" by an attorney (see generally People v. Roe, 73 N.Y.2d 1004, 1006 [1989]; People v. Ellis, 58 N.Y.2d 748, 749-750 [1982]). A third party, of course, cannot invoke the right on behalf of an adult defendant because "the right to counsel is personal" to the accused (People v. Bing, 76 N.Y.2d at 350).
Defendant further asserts that an interrogation should stop for a "reasonable" amount of time while the police await counsel's entry or investigate whether counsel has actually been retained. The standard defendant advocates would, however, be "unworkable as a rule governing police action" by creating a multitude of "collateral issue[s]" that we have carefully avoided injecting into the principles that govern the right to counsel (People v. Failla, 14 N.Y.2d at 181). The "uncertainty" inherent in the rule defendant proposes and the "destabilizing" effects (People v. Bing, 76 N.Y.2d at 342) that it would have upon the clear, workable standards that have been the hallmark of our right to counsel jurisprudence are self-evident. We therefore hold that an attorney "enters" a criminal matter and triggers the indelible right to counsel when the attorney or a professional associate of the attorney notifies the police that the suspect is represented by counsel.
Here, the information provided to the detective by defendant's father did not constitute sufficient notification of the entry of counsel and therefore defendant's indelible right to counsel did not attach. Consequently, the police did not violate defendant's State constitutional right to counsel by continuing their interrogation and defendant's inculpatory statements were properly admitted in evidence at trial.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Order affirmed.