Opinion
Docket No. 46055.
Decided June 3, 1981. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert L. Kaczmarek, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jeffrey C. Wilson, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Mardi Crawford, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant appeals as of right after a jury convicted him on February 20, 1979, of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, and felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277. On April 19, 1979, defendant was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 4-1/2 to 15 years for the breaking and entering conviction and 2-1/2 to 4 years for the assault conviction.
Defendant argues that the trial judge erred in permitting the prosecutor to introduce at trial the testimony of an alleged accomplice who was not indorsed on the information. We agree but find that it was not reversible error for the reasons herein indicated.
During trial, defense counsel objected to the prosecutor's calling Lionel Gonzales as a witness because Gonzales had not been indorsed on the information as one of the prosecution's witnesses and because defendant had not received notice that Gonzales would testify. The trial court overruled defendant's objection, holding that, because Gonzales was an alleged accomplice of defendant, it was not necessary for the prosecutor to have indorsed him before offering his testimony. MCL 767.40; MSA 28.980 requires the prosecutor to indorse on the information and produce at trial all res gestae witnesses whose identities are known by the prosecutor at the time the information is filed. People v Castelli, 370 Mich. 147; 121 N.W.2d 438 (1963), People v Harrison, 44 Mich. App. 578; 205 N.W.2d 900 (1973). The purpose of this rule is to insure a full disclosure of the facts surrounding the criminal incident, to protect the accused against the suppression of any testimony that may be favorable to him, and to give the defendant the benefit of cross-examination. People v Raider, 256 Mich. 131, 135; 239 N.W. 387 (1931). However, this general rule is not without exceptions.
One of these exceptions is that the prosecutor is not required to indorse or call as a witness any accomplice of the defendant. People v Phillips, 61 Mich. App. 138; 232 N.W.2d 333 (1975), People v Czymanski, 52 Mich. App. 605; 218 N.W.2d 95 (1974). The reason for this exception was stated by the Supreme Court in People v Raider, supra, 135-136.
"Obviously the exceptions were founded upon the recognized inclination or inducement of those close to the accused, by community of interest in the crime or relationship, to perjure themselves, if they deem it necessary, in his behalf, and the incongruity of requiring the prosecution to make such witnesses its own."
In People v Thomas, 49 Mich. App. 682, 686-687; 212 N.W.2d 728 (1973), a panel of this Court rejected the claim of a defendant that the trial judge had erred in granting a prosecution motion to indorse an alleged accomplice after the jury had been impanelled. The Court concluded that because the prosecutor was not required to indorse an accomplice of the defendant, "error cannot be predicated upon his late, albeit unnecessary, motion to do so". Similarly, in People v Lytal, 96 Mich. App. 140, 162; 292 N.W.2d 498 (1980), a panel of this Court considered the identical issue and found it to be without merit, "since the prosecutor has no obligation to indorse, produce or call an accomplice witness, his decision to do so at trial cannot be deemed improper". We do not agree that these two cases were properly decided and we decline to follow them.
Both Lytal and Thomas based their conclusions upon the argument that, because a prosecutor has no duty to indorse or call an alleged accomplice of the defendant, the prosecutor may do so if he wishes without giving prior notice to the defendant. However, we believe that the conclusion of this argument does not follow from its premise. That is, the rationale for the rule that the prosecutor need not indorse or call an accomplice of the defendant is that a requirement that he do so would create an anomalous situation in which the prosecutor would be calling as his own a witness more likely to be favorable to the defendant. But that reasoning has no application in this or similar cases in which the prosecutor wishes to call an alleged accomplice whose testimony will not be adverse to the prosecutor. Thus, under these circumstances, the purpose of this exception to the general rule that the prosecutor must call all res gestae witnesses has no application and the prosecutor should be permitted to call the witness only if he has satisfied the dictates of the general rule.
Lytal and Thomas were wrongly decided because they applied a rule of criminal procedure to a situation in which it was not intended to be applicable. In doing so, these two cases used the rule, which was meant to be a shield for the prosecutor, in such a way as to permit it to become a sword. Finally, when critically examined, the rule that the prosecutor need not indorse or call witnesses who are alleged accomplices of the defendant violates the due process safeguards to which an accused is entitled.
We observe that the accomplice exception has been questioned by this Court. In People v Potts, 55 Mich. App. 622; 223 N.W.2d 96 (1974), this Court questioned the rule that a prosecutor has no duty to call an accomplice but found that the question was one for the Supreme Court and refused to modify what it regarded as binding precedent. In People v Irwin, 47 Mich. App. 608; 209 N.W.2d 718 (1973), another panel of this Court stated that it was not unlikely that the rule permitting the prosecution not to indorse accomplices should be re-examined. Again, the Court considered itself bound by Supreme Court precedent that held that the prosecution is not obligated to indorse accomplices.
The Supreme Court itself has suggested that the accomplice exception need not apply in the instant situation. In People v Koukol, 262 Mich. 529; 247 N.W. 738 (1933), the defendant was jointly charged with three other individuals. The prosecution moved to indorse these witnesses when the case was brought on for trial. The defendant objected at that point, claiming surprise and seeking a continuance. The Supreme Court found that, if these witnesses were indorsed, the defendant was entitled to a reasonable opportunity to prepare for trial. The Court found error in denying the defense motion for a continuance. While the Koukol Court made no reference to the accomplice exception in its opinion, it clearly applied the general rules regarding res gestae witnesses. Had the Court intended the accomplice exception rule to leave a prosecutor free to call an unindorsed accomplice witness at trial, without any notice to the defendant, the Koukol Court would not have found reversible error in the failure to grant a continuance.
We recognize that a prosecutor need not indorse any accomplice witness he does not anticipate calling. If, however, a prosecutor believes he might call an accomplice witness, we hold that he must indorse that accomplice, as he would any other res gestae witness. The prosecutor should designate on the information that he believes the witness is an accomplice. Should the prosecutor not wish to call that witness, he must move to strike that witness's name from the information.
This rule provides a defendant with notice that the prosecution plans to call an accomplice. It also leaves intact the general accomplice exception, which was formulated to protect a prosecutor from calling accomplice witnesses who would be likely to perjure themselves for defendant's benefit. People v Raider, supra. This new rule should be applied prospectively.
In the case at bar, although the defendant objected to the prosecutor calling Gonzales as a witness, he did not claim surprise. The trial record also discloses that cross-examination of Gonzales was very thorough. No issue raised by defendant in this appeal presents reversible error.
Thus, any error was harmless and we affirm the conviction.
M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., concurred.
The conclusion of the majority opinion does not follow from its scholarly presentation of the current status of Michigan law regarding the indorsement and calling at trial of a defendant's alleged accomplice. The question before us encompasses a problem greater in scope than merely protecting a prosecutor from the prejudice he may encounter by calling a witness who may be biased in favor of the defendant.
As the majority correctly states in their opinion, "the rule that the prosecutor need not indorse or call witnesses who are alleged accomplices of the defendant violates the due process safeguards to which an accused is entitled". If a defendant claims innocence and denies any participation in the alleged crime, how can it be said that any witness was an accomplice of the defendant until the jury has returned a verdict of guilty? In essence, permitting the prosecutor to determine who is and who is not an accomplice of the defendant violates due process because it permits the state to prejudge a defendant's guilt or innocence on the crucial question of what witnesses the state should be required to present against him.
If a prosecutor is not required to indorse the alleged accomplice of the defendant on the information but is wrong in his determination that the witness was an accomplice, the defendant may never know of the witness's existence. Further, even if the defendant knows of the witness's identity, requiring the defendant rather than the prosecutor to call the witness at trial is certainly likely to diminish the credibility of the witness in the eyes of the jury and, as a consequence, prejudice the defendant.
A prosecutor's fears that he may be prejudiced if required to call a witness who is more likely to testify in favor of the defendant pales in comparison to the defendant's right to due process. Therefore, I would hold that the proper statement of the law is that a prosecutor must indorse on the information all witnesses known to him, but that he need not call at trial any witness who is an accomplice of the defendant.
Application of this rule would notify the accused of all potential res gestae witnesses and would require the prosecutor to make a motion to strike from the information the names of any witness he believes to have been an accomplice of the defendant. Such a motion would necessitate the holding of the hearing at which evidence could be taken and at the conclusion of which a judge, and not the prosecutor, would make the determination as to whether the witness was an accomplice. This procedure would better comport with due process than one which permits the prosecutor to make this determination.
I would hold that the lower court erred in permitting the prosecutor to call at trial a witness whose name was neither indorsed originally on the information nor added to it subsequently. Defendant was prejudiced by the testimony of Lionel Gonzales. Contrary to what the majority states, defendant was surprised by the calling of this witness and in fact clearly stated that he had not received any notice that Mr. Gonzales would be called.
Both the present rule regarding the indorsement and calling at trial of alleged accomplices of a criminal defendant and the rule that the majority advocates in this case violate due process. This cause should be reversed and remanded for a new trial.