Opinion
Docket No. 20883.
Decided July 22, 1975.
Appeal from Wexford, William R. Peterson, J. Submitted June 3, 1975, at Lansing. (Docket No. 20883.) Decided July 22, 1975.
Richard G. Fisk was convicted of armed robbery. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Edward Tenhouten, Prosecuting Attorney (Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service, Edward R. Wilson, Director, by Dennis M. Powers, Special Assistant Attorney General, of counsel), for the people.
Kenneth Lerner, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Before: BASHARA, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and M.F. CAVANAGH, JJ.
In a bench trial, the defendant was convicted of armed robbery, MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797. The Wexford County Circuit Court Judge imposed a sentence of 20 to 40 years imprisonment.
After a night of heavy drinking, the defendant pulled into a service station in Wexford County. He pulled a gun on the station attendant and demanded money. He identified himself as a deputy sheriff but he soon put the gun away, and, without taking any money, he left. An hour later he returned wearing the same distinctive clothing but with masking tape wrapped around his head. This time the defendant successfully robbed the station. He admonished the attendant not to call the police after he left because he would be watching from across the street. About 2 hours later, the defendant was arrested when he came to the station for the third time and asked for gasoline.
At trial the defendant pleaded insanity and contended that, because of his intoxication, he lacked the requisite specific intent to commit a robbery. Dr. Matthew Schiff, a psychiatrist at the Forensic Center, testified that the defendant was suffering from a depressive reaction, was unable to differentiate between right and wrong, and was probably acting under an irresistible impulse. Another psychiatrist, Dr. Edward Edmund, concluded that the defendant suffered from a sociopathic personality disorder and from "alcoholic psychosis" and that alcohol intake caused him to lose the willpower to resist the impulse to commit the crime. Dr. Edmund's diagnosis, however, was more tentative due to his limited opportunity to observe the defendant.
The prosecutor cross-examined both medical witnesses, but offered no rebuttal evidence on the issue of insanity. The trial court rejected the conclusions of the psychiatrists that the defendant was psychotic. He made the factual finding that the defendant, by voluntary intoxication, allowed his willpower to be weakened to the point that it permitted the commission of the offense. Further, he found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's speech and behavior demonstrated his purposeful intent to rob the service station.
The prospect of sending a man who has obvious emotional problems to prison for 20 to 40 years prompts this Court to examine carefully the findings of fact and conclusions of law in this case. Having done so, we must affirm his conviction.
The knowledge and experience of psychiatrists can assist appreciably a fact-finder who gives their opinions due consideration, but the ultimate determination of sanity and the existence of specific intent rests with the trier of fact, whether court or jury. People v Martin, 386 Mich. 407, 422; 192 N.W.2d 215 (1971), cert den 408 U.S. 929; 92 S Ct 2505; 33 L Ed 2d 342 (1972). People v Banks, 50 Mich. App. 622, 629; 213 N.W.2d 817 (1973).
A defendant is presumptively sane, but this presumption can be rebutted by offering evidence to the contrary; when this is done, the prosecution has the burden of persuading the trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant's sanity. People v Livingston, 57 Mich. App. 726, 732; 226 N.W.2d 704 (1975).
People v Stoddard, 48 Mich. App. 440, 445-446; 210 N.W.2d 470 (1973), has held that the probative value of the presumption of sanity continues even after the defendant offers expert medical evidence of insanity. This contention appears questionable in light of the following statement in People v Woody, 380 Mich. 332, 338; 157 N.W.2d 201 (1968):
"Despite the service of the notice of the defense of insanity, the defendant was presumed to be sane until evidence was introduced in his behalf to overcome the presumption."
See also People v Eggleston, 186 Mich. 510, 514; 152 N.W. 944 (1915). We need not decide this question since the trial court expressly found that the prosecution had discharged its burden without the need to rely on the presumption.
The prosecution discharged its burden in this case by limited cross-examination and by emphasizing the admitted limitations on the psychiatrists' conclusions. It is conceivable that in some cases the prosecution can effectively discharge its burden of proving the defendant's sanity by cross-examining the defense witnesses without offering additional rebuttal witnesses.
The trial court determined as fact-finder that the defendant knew that what he was doing was wrong and that he had the willpower to resist the wrongful act. See People v Martin, supra, 386 Mich. 407, 418. Considering all of the circumstances of the case, we find these determinations not to be clearly erroneous. GCR 1963, 517.1. The circumstances of the robbery can support the conclusion of defendant's legal sanity. His actions of masking his face and warning the attendant not to call the police show that at least cognitively he realized the wrongfulness of the act. Although the defendant's willpower or "superego", as the psychiatrists termed it, was deleteriously affected, there was evidence to support the court's conclusion that this was a result of his voluntary intoxication.
"Temporary" insanity caused by voluntary intoxication has not been accepted as a defense to a criminal act. See 8 ALR3d 1236, 1267. There is probably little reality to the irrebuttable conclusion that a pathological drinker, such as the present defendant, can successfully resist the impulse to drink and then to commit an antisocial act. But the policy consideration of the safety of the community requiring the present rule remains a powerful countervailing force. See People v Garbutt, 17 Mich. 9, 19 (1868). On the state of this record, we cannot conclude that a toxic psychosis induced by alcohol can exculpate the defendant from criminal liability.
The defendant urges that the trial judge violated due process by relying upon the definition of "psychosis" from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association. The prosecutor counters that the court is entitled to recognize the publication as authoritative and cites Jones v Bloom, 388 Mich. 98, 118; 200 N.W.2d 196 (1972), to support that proposition. Jones, however, only permitted, for the purpose of cross-examination, the use of textbooks acknowledged as authoritative.
In this case, we perceive no constitutional error in the use of the manual. It appears from the text of the trial judge's opinion that this reference was made in his discussion of the testimony by one of the psychiatrists. He did not utilize the work as independent research to contradict the evidence. Under these circumstances, the reference to a statement appearing in a textbook which was not offered as evidence was not so fundamentally unfair as to be a violation of due process.
The final issue is whether the trial court's finding of specific intent to commit a robbery is supported by the evidence. Larcenous intent is a necessary element of the offense of armed robbery. People v Locke, 275 Mich. 333; 266 N.W. 370 (1936). And evidence of intoxication and insanity may be introduced to demonstrate that the defendant did not have the requisite intent. People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367; 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973). People v Counts, 318 Mich. 45; 27 N.W.2d 338 (1947).
Defendant stresses the psychiatric testimony that the defendant lacked the capacity to form the intent. Capacity, of course, is relevant to the question of whether the defendant had the necessary mens rea, but the critical question is whether the defendant in fact possessed specific intent to commit the offense. People v Crittle, supra, 390 Mich. 367, 371-372.
Voluntary intoxication is not a defense to a general intent crime, People v Guillett, 342 Mich. 1, 5; 69 N.W.2d 140 (1955), but it can be shown to negative specific intent. People v Kelley, 21 Mich. App. 612, 618-619; 176 N.W.2d 435 (1970). See also Annotation, Modern Status of the Rules as to Voluntary Intoxication as Defense to Criminal Charge, 8 ALR3d 1236.
In this case, however, there was some evidence to support the proposition that the defendant specifically intended to commit the robbery. The circumstances of the evening tend to indicate that it was the defendant's purpose to hold up the service station. Hence, the trial court committed no error in finding the requisite larcenous intent.
Affirmed.