Opinion
Order
On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been granted and the briefs and oral arguments of the parties having been considered by the Court, we VACATE our order of October 3, 2008. The application for leave to appeal the March 25, 2008 judgment of the Court of Appeals is DENIED, because we are no longer persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
WEAVER, J. (dissenting).
I dissent from this Court's order and conclusion that leave was improvidently granted because, after hearing oral arguments, I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the reasons stated in Judge Talbot's dissent.
YOUNG, J. (dissenting).
I dissent from this Court's order denying leave to appeal. I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals because the police officer's entry into the defendant's home was lawful under the emergency aid exception to the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
Officer Chris Goolsby and his partner responded to a noise disturbance on Steven Road in Brownstown, Michigan. When they arrived, two pedestrians informed Officer Goolsby that there was a man on adjoining Allen Road who was " going crazy." The officers went to Allen Road and saw a man later identified as defendant, Jeremy Fisher, through the front window of a house " walking around the residence screaming and throwing stuff." Officer Goolsby could hear objects breaking. Officer Goolsby observed that a truck parked in the driveway had a damaged front end and that fence posts along the property line had been knocked down. When the officers tried to speak with defendant, he repeatedly swore at them and told them to get a search warrant. Officer Goolsby observed fresh blood on the hood of the truck, some clothes inside the truck, and the back door. Officer Goolsby believed that he saw a cut on defendant's hand. The officers also observed that three house windows had been broken and the glass was still outside on the ground.
Officer Goolsby testified that he attempted to enter the house " [b]ecause we did not know if there's somebody else inside" and he was concerned that someone else was inside " [b]ecause of the amount of blood we found on the outside." Officer Goolsby was able to open the front door, but only 12 to 18 inches because a couch was blocking it. Officer Goolsby heard a dog bark, looked to his right, through the glass of the door, and saw defendant sitting on his bed and pointing a rifle at Officer Goolsby. Officer Goolsby retreated.
Defendant was subsequently arrested and charged with felonious assault and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Defendant sought to suppress Officer Goolsby's testimony about the rifle incident, arguing that it was obtained in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The prosecutor argued that Officer Goolsby's entry was lawful under the emergency aid exception to the Fourth Amendment. The trial court granted defendant's motion without an evidentiary hearing. The prosecutor appealed and the Court of Appeals majority reversed and remanded for an evidentiary hearing. On remand, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing and again granted defendant's motion.
People v. Fisher, 2005 WL 3481454 unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued December 20, 2005 (Docket No. 256027).
The prosecutor again sought leave to appeal. The Court of Appeals granted leave and affirmed in a split, unpublished opinion. The Court of Appeals majority held that the emergency aid exception to the Fourth Amendment did not apply because
People v. Fisher, 2008 WL 786515 unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued March 25, 2008 (Docket No. 276439) (hereinafter referred to as Fisher II ).
[a]lthough there was evidence that there was an injured person on the premises, the mere drops of blood did not signal a likely serious, life-threatening injury. This is particularly so given that the police observed a cut on defendant's hand, which likely explained the trail of blood, but also that defendant was very much on his feet and apparently able to see to his own needs.
Fisher II at 2.
Judge Talbot dissented and argued that Officer Goolsby's entry was lawful under the emergency aid doctrine because
[g]iven defendant's bizarre behavior, it was reasonable for officers to surmise that he might need medical or psychiatric intervention to prevent him from incurring injury. Further, the mere observation of an injury to defendant's hand is not dispositive of his need or lack of need for aid. The very fact that police observed an injury, coupled with defendant's behavior, made it reasonable to surmise that he may have additional injuries, which were not readily observable, particularly given the condition of the vehicle and fence posts surrounding the home.[]
People v. Fisher, 2008 WL 786515 unpublished dissenting opinion by Talbot, J., filed March 25, 2008 (Docket No. 276439) (hereinafter referred to as Fisher II dissent).
The prosecutor sought leave to appeal, which this Court granted.
People v. Fisher, 482 Mich. 1007, 761 N.W.2d 90 (2008).
" We review a trial court's factual findings in a ruling on a motion to suppress for clear error. To the extent that a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress involves an interpretation of the law or the application of a constitutional standard to uncontested facts, our review is de novo."
People v. Attebury, 463 Mich. 662, 668, 624 N.W.2d 912 (2001); see also People v. Williams, 472 Mich. 308, 313, 696 N.W.2d 636 (2005).
Under the emergency aid exception to the Fourth Amendment, " a police officer may enter a dwelling without a warrant when he reasonably believes that a person inside is in need of medical assistance." Under this standard, probable cause is not required for entry and " [t]he officer's subjective motivation is irrelevant."
City of Troy v. Ohlinger, 438 Mich. 477, 481, 475 N.W.2d 54 (1991); see also People v. Davis, 442 Mich. 1, 25-26, 497 N.W.2d 910 (1993).
Davis, supra at 11, 20, 497 N.W.2d 910.
Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 404, 126 S.Ct. 1943, 164 L.Ed.2d 650 (2006). The United States Supreme Court also added that " [a]n action is ‘ reasonable’ under the Fourth Amendment, regardless of the individual officer's state of mind, ‘ as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justified [the] action.’ " Id., quoting Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 138, 98 S.Ct. 1717, 56 L.Ed.2d 168 (1978) (emphasis added in Brigham City ). See also People v. Williams, 472 Mich. 308, 314 n. 7, 696 N.W.2d 636 (2005) (" The reviewing court considers the objective facts relating to the [seizure]; the officer's subjective state of mind is not relevant to the determination whether detention was proper." ).
Faced with an irrational and violent man, who was creating a disturbance and not responding to the police officers, and a blood trail leading from a truck to the house, Officer Goolsby could reasonably believe that someone inside, including defendant, needed medical assistance. Indeed, as Judge Talbot observed, " it was reasonable for officers to surmise that [defendant] might need medical or psychiatric intervention to prevent him from incurring injury."
Fisher II dissent at 2.
The Court of Appeals majority's reliance on the " mere drops of blood" to suggest that there was no " signal of a likely serious, life-threatening injury" is misplaced. The United States Supreme Court rejected a similar argument in Brigham City, supra. In that case the officer was called to a noise disturbance at 3:00 a.m. and observed a juvenile punch an adult in the mouth, resulting in a bloody lip. The Utah Supreme Court held that the officer's subsequent entry was unlawful because " the injury caused by the juvenile's punch ... did not give rise to an ‘ objectively reasonable belief that an unconscious, semi conscious, or missing person feared injured or dead [was] in the home.’ " The United States Supreme Court reversed and explained:
Fisher II at 2.
Brigham City, supra at 401-402, 126 S.Ct. 1943, quoting Brigham City v. Stuart, 122 P.3d 506, 513 (Utah, 2005).
Nothing in the Fourth Amendment required them to wait until another blow rendered someone " unconscious" or " semi-conscious" or worse before entering. The role of a peace officer includes preventing violence and restoring order, not simply rendering first aid to casualties; an officer is not like a boxing (or hockey) referee, poised to stop a bout only if it becomes too one-sided.[]
Brigham City, supra at 406, 126 S.Ct. 1943.
A similar analysis applies here. Although the " mere drops of blood" might indicate a minor injury, nothing required the officers to have confirmation of a severe injury. Moreover, the cut on defendant's hand was only one explanation for the trail of blood. The cut also indicated a physical altercation, which could have reasonably led Officer Goolsby to believe that defendant injured someone else. All of the evidence pointed to the fact that the defendant may have needed psychiatric attention.
Because the facts supported a " reasonabl[e] belie[f] that a person inside [was] in need of medical assistance," I would reverse the Court of Appeals judgment and remand the case for further proceedings.
CORRIGAN, J., joins the statement of YOUNG, J.