Summary
In People v. Fisher, 420 N.W.2d 858 (Mich.Ct.App. 1988), the Michigan Court of Appeals held that a defendant's statement to a police officer made immediately after the defendant's arrest when the police officer had only asked the defendant his name was a spontaneous voluntary statement that did not trigger the police officer's duty to advise the defendant of his rights underMiranda.
Summary of this case from State v. SawyerOpinion
Docket No. 91816.
Decided March 7, 1988.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, G. Michael Hocking, Prosecuting Attorney, and K. Davison Hunter, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Milton J. Marovich, P.C (by Milton J. Marovich), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, for the knifing death of William Tappert that occurred at the home of defendant's estranged wife, Mary Fisher. He was sentenced to from forty to sixty years imprisonment. He appeals as of right, raising six issues. We affirm defendant's conviction, but remand for resentencing.
I
Defendant's first claim of error is that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress certain statements that he made during a prearrest telephone conversation on the basis that they were the product of an illegal search and seizure in violation of Const 1963, art 1, § 11.
At the suppression hearing, Detective Robert Kellogg testified that at approximately 11:00 P.M. on the evening of the knifing, he arrived at Mary Fisher's residence. Approximately five minutes later, the telephone rang and Mary Fisher told the caller that she could not talk. When the telephone rang a second time, Fisher indicated to Detective Kellogg that defendant was the caller. Detective Kellogg placed his ear to the receiver and listened as defendant spoke with Fisher. After approximately two minutes, Detective Kellogg advised Fisher to tell defendant that he was present and wanted to speak to him, whereupon defendant spoke with Detective Kellogg for approximately two to three minutes. Defendant inquired about William Tappert. Defendant was advised that Tappert was O.K. and to turn himself in.
Defendant asked to speak to Fisher again. Kellogg listened to the entire conversation, and the telephone changed hands between Fisher and Kellogg approximately four times during the phone call, which lasted approximately fifteen minutes.
Phillip Harris testified that on the night of the knifing he, his brother, Eric, and defendant walked across the street from his apartment to an unenclosed pole-type pay phone in a gas station. Eric placed the call to Fisher for defendant. As defendant conversed, Phillip stood about two feet away and overheard what defendant was saying. Eric stood approximately one foot away from defendant.
Detective Kellogg was recalled and testified to the statements defendant made during the conversation.
After reviewing the applicable case law, the trial court denied defendant's motion to suppress on the ground that defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the telephone call because of the presence of the Harris brothers within hearing distance of him and because defendant had been advised that Detective Kellogg was present with Mary Fisher and, in fact, had spoken with him on at least one occasion. The trial court also ruled in the alternative that exigent circumstances were present.
A trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence will stand undisturbed on appeal unless clearly erroneous. People v Kalchick, 160 Mich. App. 40, 47; 407 N.W.2d 627 (1987). If upon review of the record the appellate court does not possess a definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake, it must affirm. People v Burrell, 417 Mich. 439, 449; 339 N.W.2d 403 (1983).
The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that searches conducted without a warrant, subject to certain well-recognized exceptions, are per se unreasonable. People v Nash, 418 Mich. 196, 204; 341 N.W.2d 439 (1983). However, not all governmental intrusions involve searches within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Id. Before invoking the general rule, it must first be determined whether a search has occurred.
The test for determining whether governmental activity infringes upon a protected interest is whether the defendant exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and whether the expectation is one that society will recognize as "reasonable." See People v Catania, 427 Mich. 447, 457; 398 N.W.2d 343 (1986). In making the privacy determination, a court is to scrutinize the totality of circumstances surrounding the alleged intrusion. Nash, supra, p 205. The "reasonable expectation of privacy" test has been adopted for defining the scope of Const 1963, art 1, § 11, which similarly prohibits unreasonable searches by the government. See People v Smith, 420 Mich. 1, 25-26; 360 N.W.2d 841 (1984).
In support of his argument that his statements were the subject of an illegal search and seizure, defendant relies principally on People v Beavers, 393 Mich. 554; 227 N.W.2d 511 (1975), cert den 423 U.S. 878; 96 S Ct 152; 46 L Ed 2d 111 (1975). In Beavers, the defendant had a conversation in his own home with a police informant who was wearing an electronic transmitter which enabled the police to listen to the conversation. The police conducted this electronic surveillance without first obtaining a warrant. The Supreme Court, referring to this arrangement as "participant monitoring," held that the Michigan Constitution requires police to obtain a search warrant prior to monitoring a conversation even with the consent of one of the participants. The Court noted a distinction between assuming the risks that the participant in the conversation would repeat it to others and simultaneous monitoring of a conversation by an unknown party. Id., p 562. While defendant's confidence in the disguised police informant who instantaneously transmits a conversation to law enforcement authorities may be misplaced, the Supreme Court held that this did not deprive the conversation of its private nature. Id., p 564.
This Court has extended the Beavers search warrant requirement to situations where a participant records a telephone conversation. See People v Artuso, 100 Mich. App. 396, 400; 298 N.W.2d 746 (1980), lv den 411 Mich. 870 (1981), cert den 454 U.S. 877; 102 S Ct 357; 70 L Ed 2d 187 (1981); People v Taylor, 93 Mich. App. 292; 287 N.W.2d 210 (1979), lv den 408 Mich. 928 (1980); People v Perry, 91 Mich. App. 79; 282 N.W.2d 14 (1979), lv den 408 Mich. 928 (1980); People v Hall, 88 Mich. App. 324; 276 N.W.2d 897 (1979), lv den 406 Mich. 941 (1979). These cases held that the surreptitious recording of a conversation constitutes an invasion of privacy as serious as that which occurs when a participant transmits a conversation to a third party. Cf. People v Dubose, 91 Mich. App. 633; 283 N.W.2d 644 (1977).
However, the instant case did not involve electronic devices. Defendant made his telephone call from an unenclosed telephone located in a public place with people one foot and two feet away from him. Further, Mary Fisher told him that Detective Kellogg was with her and defendant even spoke with him. As stated in Katz v United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring):
Thus a man's home is, for most purposes, a place where he expects privacy, but objects, activities, or statements that he exposes to the "plain view" of outsiders are not "protected" because no intention to keep them to himself has been exhibited. On the other hand, conversations in the open would not be protected against being overheard, for the expectation of privacy under the circumstances would be unreasonable. Cf. Hester v United States [ 265 U.S. 57; 44 S Ct 445; 68 L Ed 898 (1924).]
Therefore, the trial court's ruling that defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the telephone conversation is not clearly erroneous. Our disposition of this issue renders it unnecessary to address the trial court's alternative ruling regarding exigent circumstances. See Parsonson v Construction Equipment Co, 18 Mich. App. 87, 90; 170 N.W.2d 479 (1969), aff'd 386 Mich. 61; 191 N.W.2d 465 (1971).
II
Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to suppress several incriminating statements defendant made on four occasions to police officers in the absence of Miranda warnings. Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
The first statements at issue were those made on June 15, 1985, during the phone conversation with Mary Fisher and Detective Kellogg while defendant was clearly the "focus" of the police investigation. Defendant does not dispute that he was not in police custody at the time, but urges this Court to follow the "focus" standard as enunciated in People v Wallach, 110 Mich. App. 37, 47-50; 312 N.W.2d 387 (1981), vacated on other grounds 417 Mich. 937 (1983). See also People v D'Avanzo, 125 Mich. App. 129, 133; 336 N.W.2d 238 (1983).
The Michigan Supreme Court recently resolved the question whether "focus" or "custody" triggers the need to give Miranda warnings. In People v Hill, 429 Mich. 382; 415 N.W.2d 193 (1987), the Supreme Court determined that Miranda warnings must only be given where there is "custody" and that the fact that an individual has become the "focus" of an investigation does not trigger the Miranda requirement. Id., pp 391-394.
In this case, defendant was not in custody and the statements he made to Detective Kellogg were not the product of custodial interrogation. No Miranda warnings were required under the circumstances and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to suppress these statements.
Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to suppress statements made to Officer David Walters at the time of defendant's arrest, shortly before 9:00 P.M. on June 16, 1985. Defendant stated, "Something to the effect of a guy attacked my wife, I hit him, and I guess he died." At the arrest, Walters asked defendant his name, and advised defendant that he was under arrest for a homicide committed in Charlotte. Defendant was not given Miranda warnings. Defendant argues that the Battle Creek police deliberately delayed giving him Miranda warnings so as to invite spontaneous and incriminating statements.
In order to safeguard the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination, Miranda warnings must be given in instances in which a defendant is subjected to custodial interrogation. 384 U.S. 444. Interrogation has been held to constitute a practice that police knew or reasonably should have known was likely to invoke an incriminating response. Rhode Island v Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300-302; 100 S Ct 1682; 64 L Ed 2d 297 (1980); D'Avanzo, supra, p 134. Where a defendant is in custody, spontaneous and voluntary statements not the product of "interrogation" within the meaning of Rhode Island v Innis need not be suppressed. Thus, statements volunteered by defendant need not be suppressed at trial, even if the remarks were not preceded by Miranda warnings. Miranda, supra, p 478; People v Giuchici, 118 Mich. App. 252, 261; 324 N.W.2d 593 (1982).
In this case, Officer Walters testified that defendant made his incriminating admission immediately following his arrest. Officer Walters had asked defendant his name, but asked no further questions of defendant. Therefore, defendant's statement to Officer Walters was not the product of police interrogation.
We are troubled by defendant's allegations that the practice of the Battle Creek police department was to delay the giving of Miranda warnings so as to possibly elicit incriminating responses from individuals following their arrest. We note that, in a proper case, proof of such conduct may amount to conduct reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response under Rhode Island v Innis, supra. However, this is not such a case because of the instantaneous nature of defendant's statement immediately following his arrest. It was unrequested and uninvited, and clearly not the product of police interrogation. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to suppress this statement.
Defendant next objects to the admission of statements made subsequent to his arrest and after Miranda warnings had been given. At approximately 3:30 A.M. on June 17, 1985, almost 6 1/2 hours following his arrest, defendant was brought from his cell into the booking area of the Battle Creek police department and confronted by a number of police officers. Without further Miranda warnings, Chief Howe asked defendant "if he could read and write the American language." Defendant replied that he could, whereupon Chief Howe held up a copy of defendant's arrest warrant. Defendant looked at the warrant for from forty-five seconds to one minute, apparently reading, dropped his head and said, "I didn't mean to kill him."
In People v Benjamin, 101 Mich. App. 637; 300 N.W.2d 661 (1980), lv den 414 Mich. 870 (1982), this Court held that a deputy sheriff's act of displaying incriminating evidence, knives, was not the functional equivalent of an "interrogation" within the meaning of Rhode Island v Innis, supra. Defendant's incriminating response was admissible even though not preceded by fresh Miranda warnings.
Similarly, in People v Rowen, 111 Mich. App. 76; 314 N.W.2d 526 (1981), an officer's act of placing incriminating evidence within defendant's view was not conduct reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response. In Rowen, the Court noted as significant the fact that defendant had previously been informed of his Miranda rights.
In this case, the conduct of Chief Howe in placing defendant's arrest warrant before him for his inspection cannot be considered conduct reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response. Defendant had been given Miranda warnings, and his response to reading the warrant was spontaneous. We find no abuse of the trial court's discretion by failing to suppress this statement.
Finally, defendant challenges the admission of statements made to Chief Howe and Detective Kellogg following his arraignment, in which defendant requested and was appointed trial counsel. On his return trip to jail, defendant was seated in the back seat of the police car. Defendant made a series of unsolicited statements, punctuated by pauses of from twenty to thirty seconds: "It sounded like that prosecutor is out to put me away for a long time"; "I wasn't going to run away like he said I was. I was going to turn myself in"; "I didn't mean to kill him"; and "He was there using all my stuff." Neither Detective Kellogg nor Chief Howe administered Miranda warnings, or said anything to defendant. The trial court found that these statements were voluntary and spontaneous, and not the result of custodial interrogation. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to suppress these statements.
III
Defendant next claims that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on self-defense but omitting the instruction that states that there is no duty to retreat in one's own home. He contends that, although he had not slept or resided at the home where the knifing occurred, he was still legally married to Mary Fisher, who lived there, and he still made land contract payments on the home, which entitled him to the omitted portion of the jury instruction he requested. The trial court ruled that the defendant was not in his own home for purposes of the no duty to retreat rule.
CJI 7:9:03 provides in relevant part:
If a person [assaulted the defendant in (his/her) own home/forcibly entered the defendant's home], the defendant was under no obligation to try to retreat or escape. Under such circumstances, the defendant was entitled to stand [his/her] ground and repel the [attack/intrusion] with as much force as appeared necessary for the defense of [his/her] person at the time.
The instruction is appropriate where a person is assaulted in his own home and where the degree of force used is necessary for the defense of his person. See People v Oster (On Resubmission), 97 Mich. App. 122, 132; 294 N.W.2d 253 (1980), lv den 411 Mich. 920 (1981).
A trial court's failure to instruct the jury that a person has no duty to retreat in one's own home, where appropriate, constitutes error requiring reversal. People v Godsey, 54 Mich. App. 316, 320; 220 N.W.2d 801 (1974). However, Michigan case law does not provide a precise definition of "dwelling" or "home" for purposes of the "no retreat" rule. Id. In Godsey, the instruction was held to be inappropriate where the defendant fatally assaulted the victim on or near the lot line separating his property from the deceased. This Court noted the general rule regarding self-defense that retreat is required where practicable prior to use of deadly force. The panel's discussion of the rationale behind the "no retreat in dwelling" exception is instructive:
The justification for this exception to the general rule is difficult to pinpoint. Justice Cardozo, in People v Tomlins, 213 N.Y. 240, 243; 107 N.E. 496, 497 (1914), observed:
"It is not now, and never has been the law that a man assailed in his own dwelling, is bound to retreat. If assailed there, he may stand his ground, and resist the attack. He is under no duty to take to the fields and the highways, a fugitive from his own home." See People v McGrandy, 9 Mich. App. 187; 156 N.W.2d 48; 26 ALR3d 1292 (1967).
Dean Prosser has suggested that the no retreat rule is based on "`an instinctive feeling that a home is sacred, and that is it improper to require a man to submit to pursuit from room to room in his own house.'" Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 19, p 111, quoting from Restatement of Torts, Tentative Draft, Commentary to § 84.
On a more pragmatic level it can be argued that one's own dwelling is presumptively the safest haven from attack and retreat therefrom would correspondingly increase the risk of harm and thus be impractical and unnecessary. [ Id., p 319.]
The determinative factor in cases involving the "no retreat" rule is not property ownership, but rather the location where a person resides. See Godsey, supra; People v Mathis (On Remand), 75 Mich. App. 320; 255 N.W.2d 214 (1977); People v Smith, 54 Mich. App. 652; 221 N.W.2d 464 (1974).
Notwithstanding defendant's ownership interest in the home where the incident occurred, he had not resided in the home for the previous eight months. Therefore, the trial court did not err by failing to give this instruction.
IV
Defendant next asserts that the trial court erred by instructing the jury to deliberate on first-degree murder before deliberating on second-degree murder. He contends that the "open murder" statute under which he was charged, MCL 767.71; MSA 28.1011, requires the jury to first consider the lesser offense before considering the additional elements which serve to raise his culpability. However, defendant has presented no authority for distinguishing this situation from cases in which a defendant is charged with first-degree murder.
In People v Handley, 415 Mich. 356, 361; 329 N.W.2d 710 (1982), a case that addressed the question in what order the jury should consider first-degree murder, second-degree murder and manslaughter, the Supreme Court provided mandatory instructional language for the order of jury deliberation on principal and lesser included offenses:
Consequently, a jury instructed after the day this opinion is released must be told to consider the principal charge first. It should then be instructed that if it fails to convict or acquit or is unable to agree whether to convict or acquit on that offense, it may then turn to lesser offenses. The correct instruction would be that after the jury has given consideration to the greater offense, it may turn to lesser offenses either if it finds the defendant not guilty of the greater offense or if it is unable to agree on whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty of the greater offense. The judge may add that it is for the jury to decide how long to spend considering the greater offense before turning to a consideration of lesser offenses or, stated differently, it is for the jury to decide whether, having failed to reach an agreement on guilt or innocence on a greater offense, to spend more time in an attempt to reach unanimous agreement on the greater offense or whether the time has come to turn to lesser offenses. The judge may also add that of course the jury will not turn to lesser offenses if it finds the defendant guilty of the greater offense. [Emphasis in original.]
The Handley ruling is encompassed within CJI 3:1:15A, "Order of Jury Deliberation."
In this case, the trial court's instruction was proper and comported with CJI 3:1:15A. Defendant's argument is therefore without merit.
V
Defendant next claims that the trial court abused its discretion by summarily denying the jury's request for a Webster's Dictionary. He concedes that it would have been improper for the trial court to have granted the request, but maintains that the trial court failed to make further inquiry or to clarify the instructions already given.
Jury deliberation began at approximately 8:30 A.M. on January 30, 1986. At 10:41 A.M., the jury sent a note requesting written definitions on the principal and lesser included offenses. Later, a second note repeated the request. The jury was brought back into the courtroom and reread a series of instructions on the possible verdicts. The jurors returned to the jury room at 11:15 A.M. At 12:29 P.M., the court received another note and brought the jury back once more. When the jurors were seated, the trial court informed them that their request for a Webster's Dictionary could not be granted.
We note that defendant did not raise this issue in the trial court and, thus, absent manifest injustice, this Court will not review the issue. See People v Lyles, 148 Mich. App. 583, 595; 385 N.W.2d 676 (1986).
The decision to provide additional instructions at the request of the jury is a matter within the discretion of the trial court. People v Martin, 392 Mich. 553, 558; 221 N.W.2d 336 (1974). Defendant relies on Martin for the proposition that, where confusion is expressed by the jury, it is incumbent upon the trial court to guide the jury by providing the relevant law. Id., p 558. He attempts to draw an inference of confusion from the jury's request for a dictionary. However, the record does not reveal such confusion, particularly since the trial court twice instructed the jury on all possible verdicts. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the request for a dictionary and no manifest injustice exists requiring appellate review, Lyles, supra.
VI
Defendant's final claim of error is that the trial court's imposition of a forty- to sixty-year sentence constituted a departure from the sentencing guidelines range which should shock the conscience of this Court.
Departures from the sentencing guidelines are encouraged and permitted. People v Purzycki, 143 Mich. App. 108, 109; 371 N.W.2d 490 (1985). The reasons for departure from the recommended sentencing guidelines must be articulated at sentencing and placed on the sentencing information report. People v Fleming, 428 Mich. 408, 428-429; 410 N.W.2d 266 (1987). The judge must give specific explanations for departure where there are special characteristics of the offense or offender necessitating a departure or where the judge believes the recommended ranges are inappropriate; where the judge finds no special characteristics, he must provide a specific explanation of why the guidelines range did not reflect the sentencing practices of the state's trial judges. Id., p 426.
While a sentence of from forty to sixty years imprisonment, which far exceeded the recommended minimum sentencing range of seven to sixteen years, may shock this Court's conscience in a proper case, we are unable to determine whether this constitutes such a case without a more complete record of the sentencing court's reasons for departure. Therefore, we remand this case for resentencing with defendant to be present.
Defense counsel argued that the guidelines range should have been computed at two to nine years.
Remanded for resentencing.