Summary
In Fiedler, the defendant, Leslie A. Fiedler, a writer and university professor, resided with his wife and their children in a house in Buffalo, New York. Six police officers conducted a search of the home pursuant to a warrant and found marijuana and observed several of the children smoking marijuana.
Summary of this case from People v. AlsaidiOpinion
Argued June 1, 1972
Decided July 6, 1972
Appeal from the County Court of Erie County, H. BUSWELL ROBERTS, J.
Herald Price Fahringer and Lawrence A. Schulz for appellants. Michael F. Dillon, District Attorney ( Judith Blake Manzella of counsel), for respondent.
The defendants appeal from an order of the County Court of Erie County which affirmed judgments of the City Court of Buffalo convicting them of violating section 1533 (subd. 2) of the former Penal Law, which penalizes one who "[o]pens or maintains a place where any narcotic drug is unlawfully used". It is clear from the record that no crime was charged or proven; and it follows that the order appealed from must be reversed and the information dismissed.
The defendant, Leslie A. Fiedler, a writer and university professor, resided with his wife, the defendant Margaret Fiedler, and their children, in a house in Buffalo. The defendants, three of their children and two friends of the children were in the house in the late evening of April 28, 1967 when six city police officers entered under authority of a search warrant. One of the officers remained on the first floor with the defendants as others went upstairs where they encountered the children and their friends. A police officer then conducted Dr. Fiedler upstairs to witness the search of his bedroom, and at that time a police detective, Sgt. Giambrone, entered the bedroom. Officer Amico, who was the chief of the narcotics squad of the police department, testified that "at this time Dr. Fiedler said, `What are you doing here anyhow?'. And, Sgt. Giambrone said, `Well, we found some pot and hashish in the house.' He said, `Michael was smoking some marijuana on the third floor and that Kurt and Emily were smoking marijuana and hashish on the second floor.' And, he asked Dr. Fiedler if he permitted his children to smoke marijuana and hashish. * * * Dr. Fiedler replied that, `This was his house and their house and he brought them up to think on their own, and they were free thinkers and to do what they cared to do and what they wanted to do.'" Sgt. Giambrone testified to the same effect, and when asked whether Dr. Fiedler referred to his house in any way, replied: "Yes, `This is my home. I want to raise my children to be individuals.'" These assertedly inculpatory statements, however innocuous in any other context, became the basis of the People's case insofar as the allegedly criminal character of the Fiedler premises was concerned.
Section 1533 of the former Penal Law was headed, "Permitting use of building for nuisance" and provided: "A person who: 1. Lets, or permits to be used, a building, or portion of a building, knowing that it is intended to be used for committing or maintaining a public nuisance; or, 2. Opens or maintains a place where any narcotic drug is unlawfully used; * * * Is guilty of a misdemeanor."
The information charged that defendants "did unlawfully and wilfully permit" their premises "to be used for the unlawfull [ sic] use of narcotic drugs", in that, being the owners of the premises and of the third floor in particular, they did "permit and allow" Michael Fiedler and other named persons to smoke marijuana, "in violation of Section 1533-2 of the Penal Law."
Thus, although the two subdivisions of section 1533 define quite separate, distinct and unrelated offenses, the informant, in framing the charge, drew in part upon subdivision 1 and in part upon subdivision 2 without alleging all the material elements of either. Despite this clear separation of the two unrelated subdivisions, the information charged merely that defendants did "permit" the individuals named to smoke marijuana on the premises. The factor of permissive use, however, appears only in subdivision 1, relating to the use of a building for "committing or maintaining a public nuisance", but no public nuisance was charged and none, certainly, could have been inferred. On the other hand, subdivision 2 — which defines the crime specifically charged in the information — does not penalize one who permits another to smoke marijuana, as the information charges, but one who "[o]pens or maintains a place" for unlawful narcotic use. There is no indication that the defendants opened or maintained the building for that use or with any other unlawful objective, or, indeed, for any purpose other than that of their marital abode and family home, as Dr. Fiedler emphasized in the conversation now relied upon as an admission of guilt. At most, his statements indicated his acquiescence in his children's use of marijuana in the family home; this is, in fact, what the information charged and the trial testimony substantiated, but nothing in section 1533 makes this a crime.
From the history of the statute it is clear beyond cavil that its thrust was to a building maintained for the purpose there specified. Proscribed were the creation and subsequent maintenance of facilities for the accommodation of narcotics users, who might resort thereto with some degree of regularity. The word "maintains" (which, interestingly enough, became "conducts or maintains" in the new Penal Law, infra) suggests this interpretation and excludes the notion that an isolated misuse is sufficient to stigmatize the premises. It was never contemplated that criminal taint would attach to a family home should members of the family on one occasion smoke marijuana or hashish there.
Section 1533 (subd. 2), derived from chapter 676 of the Laws of 1881, as amended by chapter 8 of the Laws of 1889, punished "[a] person who * * * 2. Opens or maintains a place where opium, or any of its preparations, is smoked by other persons". This, parenthetically, suggests the "opium den" of fact and fiction and strongly supports the conclusion that the statute was concerned with a "place" maintained as a haunt for the individuals who should resort to it and with the individuals themselves only indirectly. The subdivision was amended to the form in which it stood at the time of the violation charged in this case, by chapter 526 of the Laws of 1960, the obvious purpose being to broaden the provision with respect to opium and opium preparations so as to cover the maintenance of premises for the unlawful use of any narcotic drug. Subdivision 1, upon which the information appears to have rested in part, and which prohibited the use of a building "for committing or maintaining a public nuisance", remained unchanged from the time of its enactment.
A cognate provision is this: "1. Any store, shop, warehouse, dwelling house, building, vehicle, boat, aircraft or any place whatever, which is resorted to by narcotic drug addicts for the purpose of using narcotic drugs or which is used for the illegal keeping or selling of the same, shall be deemed a public nuisance. 2. No person shall keep or maintain such a public nuisance." (Public Health Law, § 3342.)
The provisions of sections 1533 were not transposed intact to the new Penal Law (L. 1965, ch. 1030, as amd., eff. Sept. 1, 1967). Subdivision 9 of section 240.35 of the new act, punishing as loitering one who "[l]oiters or remains in any place with one or more persons for the purpose of unlawfully using or possessing a dangerous drug", was derived from section 1533 and was subsequently repealed (L. 1968, ch. 668). Derived, in part, from section 1533 or from its concept is section 240.45 of the new act which renders a person "guilty of criminal nuisance when * * * 2. He knowingly conducts or maintains any premises, place or resort where persons gather for purposes of engaging in unlawful conduct." Thus, there has been preserved from the date of the enactment of the Penal Code of 1881 to the present time the factor of public or criminal nuisance, but no one suggests that such an element was present in the case at bar. After remarking that "the conduct of resorts where people gather for illegal or immoral purposes" is within the category of "nuisance" cases, the commentators state: "Subdivision 2 deals with the illegal or immoral resort phase of nuisance, formerly covered largely by a provision penalizing conduct of that nature which `offends public decency' (§ 1530 [2]; see, also, § 1533, addressed to narcotics resorts). * * * The theory of this kind of nuisance is, however, that it penalizes `inducing vice, rather than the vice itself' and, hence, is `independent of any crime which may be committed' in conjunction therewith (People v. Vandewater, 1928, 250 N.Y. 83, 93 * * *)." (Practice Commentary by Richard G. Denzer and Peter McQuillan, McKinney's Cons. Laws of N.Y., Book 39, Penal Law, § 240.45, pp. 177-178.)
That the statute is not violated by the owner's acquiescence in an isolated misuse but, on the contrary, contemplates some time span and resort to the premises by habitues with some degree of regularity, is recognized by such few authorities as do exist. Thus, as was held in the Criminal Court of the City of New York, in disposing of an asserted violation of subdivision 2 of section 1533: "To `maintain' a nuisance means something more than having knowledge of its existence. It means, in addition, preserving and continuing its existence" ( People v. Campbell, 45 Misc.2d 201, 203, emphasis supplied; and see Barrett v. Fook, 129 N.Y.S. 23; Burmeister v. New York City Police Dept., 275 F. Supp. 690).
The order appealed from should be reversed and the information dismissed.
I dissent and vote to affirm. The People's proof clearly established that the premises were owned and under the control of the defendants; that marijuana and hashish were smoked on the premises; that the defendants knew of that activity and that they acquiesced in the continuation thereof.
The smoking of these drugs was established by physical evidence, i.e., warm pipe, smoldering marijuana cigarette butt, cigarette-rolling paper, various containers with green vegetable materials; knowledge of the defendants was established by the odor of the drug with which they were familiar, and by testimony of overheard statements; and defendants' intent to continue the condition was established by defendants' acquiescence in the use of these drugs on the premises and by Dr. Fiedler's legally admissible statement to the police to the effect that his children could do what they wanted in his home. When the police executing the search warrant asked him whether he permitted his children to smoke the drugs uncovered by the legal search, he specifically stated: "The children are individuals and I would like to raise them to be free thinking individuals. This is my home and their home, and they should do what they want in here." As for defendant, Mrs. Fiedler, there is sufficient evidence that she too knew the children were smoking the drugs. When the police entered the home with the search warrant, she shouted to the children upstairs: "Children, the police are here and they have a search warrant." This warning thus gave them an opportunity to dispose of the drugs, if they heard her, before they were discovered by the police. If she had not known of the use of the drugs in the home, there would have been little need for this warning. In addition, an overheard conversation on a transmitting device established that she knew her children were smoking "pot". In fact, one of the children was found in the bathroom on the third floor where two of his young friends were also found by the police. A bulk quantity of marijuana was found in the bathroom and the aroma of marijuana permeated the air. Obviously, the mother's warning was either not heard or those in the room didn't care if the police had arrived.
The defendants' crime was knowing of illegal drug activity in their home and doing nothing to prevent or avoid it, and in condoning its use therein. Thus, they knowingly maintained a place where drugs were being unlawfully used in violation of section 1533 (subd. 2) of the Penal Law.
The information sufficiently apprised defendants of the crime with which they were charged, and their guilt was established beyond a reasonable doubt. The fact that defendants used their home as the place which they maintained for permitting the illegal use of drugs does not bar a prosecution under section 1533 (subd. 2) of the Penal Law.
The judgments of conviction should be affirmed. I cannot agree with the majority's view of the record — "that no crime was charged or proven" in this case.
An information, as we have said, is not required to be drawn in accordance with a prescribed formula or in the exact words of a statute. ( People v. Jacoby, 304 N.Y. 33, cert. den. 344 U.S. 864.) It is legally sufficient if it informs the defendants of the nature of the charges against them and the acts constituting those charges. ( People v. Saft, 29 A.D.2d 618, affd. 28 N.Y.2d 964. ) In my opinion, the information filed against these defendants sufficiently sets forth the essential elements of the crime charged.
Likewise, the proof presented at the trial, particularly the permissible inferences to be drawn from the voluntary admissions of both defendants, quite adequately demonstrates defendants' knowledge of and acquiescence to the use of marijuana and hashish on their premises. ( People v. Campbell, 45 Misc.2d 201.)
Moreover, it is difficult to reconcile the majority's rationale that "[i]t was never contemplated that criminal taint would attach to a family home should members of the family on one occasion smoke marijuana or hashish there" (emphasis supplied) with our recent unanimous decision in People v. Schriber ( 29 N.Y.2d 780, affg. 34 A.D.2d 852), where we affirmed a conviction predicated upon a single episode of group drug use at a defendant's premises. Furthermore, the undisputed facts in this case do not reveal the mere presence of the Fiedler family on the premises at the time of the incident, but, in fact, disclose that at least two friends of the family were also on the premises participating in the use of drugs.
The reversal of these nuisance convictions is not, as a matter of law, justified upon this record.
Chief Judge FULD and Judges BURKE, BERGAN and BREITEL concur with Judge GIBSON; Judges SCILEPPI and JASEN dissent and vote to affirm in separate opinions, in each of which the other concurs.
Order reversed, etc.