Summary
In People v. Ermo (47 N.Y.2d 863), this Court upheld the reversal of a conviction by the Appellate Division where a defendant had been denied the right to counsel while being questioned by the police and in the absence of an objection.
Summary of this case from People v. AlexanderOpinion
Argued May 3, 1979
Decided June 12, 1979
Appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Second Judicial Department, RAYMOND E. ALDRICH, JR., J.
John R. King, District Attorney (Bridget R. Rahilly of counsel), for appellant.
Samuel Collins, Public Defender (Marshall L. Brenner of counsel), for respondent.
MEMORANDUM.
The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Defendant was interrogated with respect to two sex offenses committed some seven months apart, a homicide on August 3, 1971 of which he was convicted, and an assault on March 13, 1972. The interrogation was conducted on three separate days, March 14, 15 and 22, 1972, by the same team of police officers. On March 14 and again, but to a lesser extent, on March 15 and 22 questions with respect to the two offenses were interwoven, and on March 22 numerous references were made to the earlier questionings. As the police were aware, the Public Defender was assigned to represent defendant with respect to the March 13 assault prior to the continued interrogation on March 15. The Appellate Division reversed County Court and suppressed the statements made on March 15 and 22 after assignment of counsel and ordered a new trial.
On this record the Appellate Division ( 61 A.D.2d 177, 182) was correct in evaluating the police interrogation as an integrated whole, in which the impermissible questioning as to the assault was not discrete or fairly separable, and in concluding that "the assault charge was used by the same team of law enforcement officials as a crucial element in the securing of defendant's confessions of March 15 and March 22, 1972 to the felony murder". As the dissenter states, had defendant been interrogated with respect to the homicide alone, it would have been error to have suppressed his statements on the ground that he had an attorney who was not present; defendant's representation by that attorney was with respect to the different and unrelated assault charge. Examination of the transcripts of the three days of defendant's interrogation in this case, however, discloses that the police exploited concededly impermissible questioning as to the assault for the purpose and with the effect of advancing their interrogation on the homicide charge. It was on that basis that the court held that any purported waiver of defendant's right to counsel during the questioning of March 15 and March 22, 1972 was ineffective in the absence of the previously assigned Public Defender and accordingly suppressed the statements made on those dates. (People v Hobson, 39 N.Y.2d 479; cf. People v Carl, 46 N.Y.2d 806.) We do not in any way depart from our holdings in the cases cited by the dissenter, in none of which was there the element of exploitation, the critical factor on which our affirmance depends in this case.
We note additionally that, although it may be said that defendant failed to preserve the error on which the reversal of his conviction is based, the failure to raise his contention does not foreclose our reaching the issue (People v Arthur, 22 N.Y.2d 325, 329).
I concur in the result reached by the majority.
Were it not for the disposition at the Appellate Division, the error with respect to denial of the right to counsel would not have been preserved for our review. (People v Tutt, 38 N.Y.2d 1011. ) It is only because the Appellate Division had jurisdiction to consider the contention, even though the error was not raised at the suppression hearing, and because the Appellate Division predicated its reversal on this error, that defendant may urge the correctness of the Appellate Division's determination of the question of law involved in support of an affirmance.
By a bare majority, the Appellate Division has overturned defendant's murder conviction. I dissent from an affirmance of the order below and vote to sustain the conviction. Because we are here concerned with pure questions of law, it is unnecessary to detail the events leading to the homicide, to which defendant confessed. The sole issue presented is whether his questioning was proper in all the circumstances. No issue is created and there is no question concerning the proper giving of the Miranda warnings and rights.
When the defendant William Ermo was first accused of assaulting a young schoolgirl on March 13, 1972 no one suspected that he was involved in the murder of another girl, Ursula Shiba, some seven months before. Indeed there was no relationship between the assault and the homicide to cause any suspicion. The victims were unrelated, the crimes were months apart, the methods of committing them were very different, and, indeed, only the proximity of the defendant's address to that of the homicide victim caused the police to even question him about the murder. Nevertheless, the majority relies on the fact that "questions with respect to the two offenses were [so] interwoven" as to invalidate the defendant's waiver of counsel on the homicide charge and suppress the confession.
This flies in the face of the rule that this court has consistently followed since we first recognized the so-called Donovan-Arthur rule (see People v Donovan, 13 N.Y.2d 148; People v Arthur, 22 N.Y.2d 325). We have, until today, always held that a defendant may waive counsel without having an attorney present although he is represented by counsel on an entirely unrelated pending charge (see, e.g., People v Stanley, 15 N.Y.2d 30; People v Simons, 22 N.Y.2d 533; People v Hetherington, 27 N.Y.2d 242; People v Taylor, 27 N.Y.2d 327; People v Clark, 41 N.Y.2d 612; People v Coleman, 43 N.Y.2d 222).
As we said in the earlier cases, "the mere fact that the defendant has been arraigned or indicted on one charge does not prevent law-enforcement officials from interrogating him, in the absence of an attorney, about another and different crime — upon which he has been neither arraigned nor indicted — or render inadmissible a confession or other inculpatory statement obtained as a result of such questioning. * * * The reason is clear. With regard to the second crime about which the defendant is questioned, there has not yet been `the formal commencement of the criminal action' against him" (People v Simons, supra, p 539; People v Stanley, supra, pp 32-33). The rule was continued and refined in People v Taylor (supra). There a unanimous court stated that the rule precluding a defendant from waiving his right to have an attorney present in the absence of that attorney "does not obtain unless and until the police or prosecutor learn that an attorney has been secured to assist the accused in defending against the specific charges for which he is held" ( 27 N.Y.2d 327, 332, supra; emphasis in original). Where, as here, the charge on which a defendant is being questioned differs from the charge for which he has an attorney there is no legal impediment to questioning him on the former charge even in the absence of an attorney.
This does not mean that the police may accuse someone of a crime as a mere "sham" or a pretext for holding the defendant in connection with the investigation of another crime (People v Taylor, 27 N.Y.2d 327, 331, supra; see, also, People v Vella, 21 N.Y.2d 249). Such a simple ruse to avoid the rules concerning waiver would make the protection of cases such as People v Arthur ( 22 N.Y.2d 325, supra) and People v Hobson ( 39 N.Y.2d 479) useless. But in the absence of such conduct the questioning is permitted so long as the proceeding in which the defendant is represented by counsel is unrelated to the charge on which he is being questioned (People v Coleman, 43 N.Y.2d 222, 226, supra).
This is not to say that every slight relationship between the two crimes requires suppression. For example, in People v Taylor (supra), the defendants were incarcerated on a robbery charge when, due to the similarity of that crime to an unsolved robbery-murder, the police questioned one of the defendants, who subsequently confessed. Although undeniably the crimes were similar, and in fact were so similar that the modus operandi of one led to the solution of the other, the crimes were not related in the sense that would require suppression.
Nor are the crimes involved here more closely related than those in Taylor. In fact, Detective Chickering, who first questioned the defendant about the murder, stated that he did so because of the proximity of the defendant's address to that of the murder victim. Even if, as hypothesized by the Appellate Division, the sexual nature of the assault led the police to suspect that the defendant was involved in the murder, that would be the sole link between the two crimes, and, as in People v Taylor (supra) the mere fact that the crimes were similarly committed would not render the confessions inadmissible.
There is, of course, another situation where the police are not permitted to interrogate a suspect absent his lawyer's presence. This occurs when the suspect's attorney has communicated to the police that he will not permit them to interrogate his client (see People v Carl, 46 N.Y.2d 806; People v Ramos, 40 N.Y.2d 610). Obviously, in that situation it makes no difference that the crimes are unrelated, because once a lawyer has informed the police that they are not to interrogate his client he is entitled to have those wishes respected (see People v Byrne, 47 N.Y.2d 117). But since there is no evidence or any indication whatsoever that the defendant's lawyer communicated with the police in any such manner, those cases are inapplicable as well.
Thus, in the final analysis the result reached by the majority is not in accord with any of the prior cases dealing with this area of the law. It apparently establishes a new standard, whereby the determinative factor becomes whether the questions regarding two crimes are "interwoven", and not whether the crimes themselves are related. No explanation is given for this change, and the cases do not support it.
This court in an unanimous opinion stated with unmistakable clarity in People v Clark ( 41 N.Y.2d 612, 615, supra) that: "Representation by counsel in a proceeding unrelated to the investigation is insufficient to invoke" the rule that a person may not be interrogated after a lawyer has entered another proceeding in which he is represented by counsel; and I find it impossible to accept the rationalization of the majority that the case of People v Coleman ( 43 N.Y.2d 222, 224, supra) stands as authority for their position. There, after being brought from prison where he was being held on "an unrelated charge", Coleman was subjected to a lineup. This court framed the issue presented as follows: "We are asked to pass on the question of whether a defendant, incarcerated pending trial on a charge for which he was represented by counsel, may waive, in the absence of an attorney, his right to counsel at a lineup, held in an unrelated investigation, in which his presence was secured pursuant to a court order of removal". This court resolved that issue by stating that: "Today we reach this question and decide that the right to counsel may be waived notwithstanding the absence of counsel whom a defendant had retained with respect to a wholly unrelated charge" (p 226).
By their holding today, the majority, with one fell swoop, is disavowing and overruling well-established precedents which have been founded on logic, law, reason and justice. Those, to name but a few which have formed the bulwark of stare decisis in this sensitive area of law, are: People v Stanley ( 15 N.Y.2d 30 [Nov. 25, 1964], supra); People v Simons ( 22 N.Y.2d 533 [July 2, 1968], supra); People v Hetherington ( 27 N.Y.2d 243 [Nov. 18, 1970], supra); People v Taylor ( 27 N.Y.2d 327 [Jan. 6, 1971], supra); People v Clark ( 41 N.Y.2d 612 [April 7, 1977], supra); and People v Coleman ( 43 N.Y.2d 222 [Nov. 22, 1977], supra).
For all these reasons, I respectfully dissent and vote to reverse.
Chief Judge COOKE and Judges JONES, WACHTLER and FUCHSBERG concur; Judge JASEN concurs in result in a separate memorandum; Judge GABRIELLI dissents and votes to reverse in another opinion.
Order affirmed in a memorandum.