Summary
holding that where lesser included offense provided for longer prison term, remedy for double jeopardy was vacation of greater offense
Summary of this case from State v. WeberOpinion
Docket Nos. 57407, 58294.
Decided January 20, 1983.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Karl E. Kraus, Prosecuting Attorney and Thomas C. Nelson, Assistant Attorney General (in Davis) and Leonard J. Malinowski, Assistant Attorney General (in Kocsis), for the people.
John W. Ujlaky, for defendant Davis on appeal.
John D. Schwedler, for defendant Kocsis on appeal.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and R.B. BURNS and WAHLS, JJ.
Defendants are two of four defendants jointly tried by jury for five offenses: kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581; felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277; carrying a firearm or dangerous weapon with unlawful intent, MCL 750.226; MSA 28.423; carrying a dangerous weapon in a motor vehicle, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424; and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2).
Defendant Davis appeals his conviction of all five charged offenses; defendant Kocsis appeals his conviction of kidnapping and felonious assault. Defendant Kocsis' only claim of error concerns the prosecutor's failure to endorse and produce certain alleged res gestae witnesses and will be addressed infra.
Davis first argues that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel by the joint representation of all of the defendants by retained counsel. He must show actual prejudice. People v Mendez, 101 Mich. App. 735; 300 N.W.2d 327 (1980).
There has been no such showing. All four defendants testified, completely denying the truth of the complainant's testimony that he had been kidnapped, threatened with a pair of brass knuckles and a pistol, and tied up. Given the nature of the defense asserted, that there had been no criminal activity whatsoever, counsel was not required to draw a line of demarcation as to the relative culpability of his clients. Compare People v Gardner, 406 Mich. 369; 279 N.W.2d 785 (1979), reh den 407 Mich. 1150 (1979), cert den 444 U.S. 1093 (1980). Davis did not lose the benefit of arguments that the evidence linking him to the crime was weak or suspect. Compare People v Bentley, 402 Mich. 121; 261 N.W.2d 716 (1978).
Davis' claim that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence has not been preserved for appeal as defendant has not moved for a new trial. People v Cage, 83 Mich. App. 534; 269 N.W.2d 213 (1978).
Davis further argues he was denied a fair trial by prejudicial pre-trial publicity. Two members of the jury heard or read news accounts of the case. However, each stated that he could render an impartial verdict despite possible recollection of news accounts of the crime. Knowledge of publicity concerning a criminal case does not automatically render a juror unfit to serve unless the juror has a preconceived opinion concerning defendant's guilt or innocence which cannot be laid aside. MCL 768.10; MSA 28.1033; People v Dixon, 84 Mich. App. 675; 270 N.W.2d 488 (1978). Davis failed to show that any juror had an opinion of the case which prevented him from rendering an impartial verdict according to the evidence at trial.
Davis also claims that the trial judge erred in denying counsel's motion for a mistrial on the ground of juror misconduct. After the jury began deliberating, it was revealed that a juror had been seen speaking to the wife of a prosecution witness after the selection of the jury but before taking of any testimony. After the jury returned a verdict of guilty the judge and defense counsel questioned the juror. The juror had not discussed the case with the witness's spouse and did not realize until her husband testified that he was in fact a witness in the case.
The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in concluding that Davis failed to show that the juror's conduct affirmatively prejudiced his right to a trial before an impartial and fair jury. See People v Schram, 378 Mich. 145; 142 N.W.2d 662 (1966). In the absence of such showing, reversal is not warranted. People v Provost, 77 Mich. App. 667; 259 N.W.2d 183 (1977), rev'd on other grounds 403 Mich. 843 (1978).
We find without merit Davis' claim that various alleged omissions in jury instructions resulted in reversible error. Contrary to his assertion, the record reveals that the jurors were in fact admonished against outside contacts prior to the first recess on the first day of trial. This was all that was required in the absence of a request or objection by defense counsel and in the absence of any showing of prejudice. People v Buero, 59 Mich. App. 670; 229 N.W.2d 880 (1975).
The trial court's instructions on kidnapping did not inject a new legal theory, not contained in the information, against which defendant was required to defend. In language tracing that found in the kidnapping statute, the information charged that defendants:
"[F]eloniously and forcibly seized and confined or inveigled or kidnapped one Richard John Phillips, with intent to extort money or other valuable thing from Richard John Phillips, or caused Richard John Phillips to be secretly confined and imprisoned in this state against his will or caused Richard John Phillips to be held for service against his will; contrary to MSA 28.581; Section 750.349, CL 1948." (Emphasis added.)
The statute proscribes several alternative methods of kidnapping. People v Bergevin, 406 Mich. 307; 279 N.W.2d 528 (1979). The trial court instructed the jury on "secret confinement". CJI 19:1:01. The court's failure to also instruct the jury on kidnapping with intent to extort money or other valuables, CJI 19:1:03, simply limited the jury's consideration to one alternative which was entirely consistent with the prosecution's theory of the case.
Davis contends that reversible error occurred when the trial court failed, in the absence of a request by defense counsel, to "devise an appropriate instruction dealing with" defendants' defense of consent. The trial court instructed the jury that it had to find defendants intentionally and forcibly confined the complainant, Phillips, "against his will". Taken as a whole, the instructions were fair and adequately put the jury on notice that the prosecution had to prove that the complainant did not voluntarily accompany defendants. Accordingly, there was no reversible error. People v Palma, 111 Mich. App. 684; 315 N.W.2d 182 (1981).
Defendants Davis and Kocsis both claim reversible error occurred when the prosecutor failed to endorse and produce several alleged res gestae witnesses who were present in or near the bar where the complainant was prior to his leaving with defendants.
Defense counsel affirmatively waived the production of Captain James Staubor at trial. Therefore, defendants' claim that the prosecution's failure to call him requires reversal is without merit. See People v Geer, 22 Mich. App. 47; 176 N.W.2d 721 (1970).
Davis argues that the prosecutor should have endorsed and produced all persons present in the bar. Kocsis claims Danny McGuire, in particular, should have been called. A companion of McGuire's, Russ Boyer, was an endorsed witness and testified at trial. McGuire and Boyer, who first reported the apparent abduction to the police shortly after it occurred, both went to the police on the night of the occurrence to give statements. Boyer gave a statement, but McGuire could not because he was too intoxicated.
Neither defendant moved for a hearing on the issue of the endorsement or production of these individuals during or following trial. Consideration of this issue is foreclosed on appeal, People v Pearson, 404 Mich. 698, 722; 273 N.W.2d 856 (1979), unless, absent review, manifest injustice will result. People v LeFlore, 96 Mich. App. 557; 293 N.W.2d 628 (1980), lv den 409 Mich. 927 (1980). We find no manifest injustice here. Nothing in the record indicates McGuire or any other person present in the club observed, or could have observed, anything of assistance to defendants' case.
Defendant Davis further claims his convictions for felonious assault, carrying a dangerous weapon with unlawful intent and carrying a dangerous weapon in a vehicle violate the guarantee against double jeopardy.
We observe that defendant's reliance on People v White, 390 Mich. 245; 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973), and Crampton v 54-A Dist Judge, 397 Mich. 489; 245 N.W.2d 28 (1976), is misplaced. These cases hold that multiple trials are prohibited where several distinct offenses occur in one criminal "transaction"; they do not prohibit multiple convictions in one trial.
In People v Bouknight, 106 Mich. App. 798, 802; 308 N.W.2d 703 (1981), Judge CAVANAGH wrote:
"The courts of this state have employed two tests in considering whether the guarantee against double jeopardy has been violated because of "double punishment." The first test, commonly known as the Blockburger test, concentrates on the statutory elements of each crime. If, legally, each statutory provision requires proof of a fact which the other provision does not, there is no double jeopardy. Blockburger v United States, 284 U.S. 299; 52 S Ct 180; 76 L Ed 306 (1932), Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder's Court Judge, 406 Mich. 374; 280 N.W.2d 793 (1979). The second test looks to the factual proofs involved in the particular case. People v Martin, 398 Mich. 303; 247 N.W.2d 303 (1976), People v Stewart (On Rehearing), 400 Mich. 540; 256 N.W.2d 31 (1977). Under the second test, if the facts developed during trial indicate that the violation of one provision is not severable from a violation of the second provision, then the former blends into the latter so as to constitute one single wrongful act. This second test has been modified by the Supreme Court to provide that if the Legislature has manifested an intent to make the two offenses separate and distinct and has provided separate penalties there is no violation of double jeopardy. Wayne County Prosecutor, supra."
See also People v Bonner, 116 Mich. App. 41; 321 N.W.2d 835 (1982).
In other words, under the second test, "[i]f, factually, the convictions in this case are based on proof of a single act, the separate crimes consist of nothing more than a greater crime and certain of its lesser included offenses", and the multiple convictions will not be allowed to stand. People v Jankowski, 408 Mich. 79, 86; 289 N.W.2d 674 (1980). See also People v Wilder, 411 Mich. 328; 308 N.W.2d 112 (1981).
Considering the charges in the information, the proofs presented at trial, and the jury instructions, we find that Davis' convictions for carrying a dangerous weapon in an automobile occupied by him and for carrying a dangerous weapon with unlawful intent, in addition to his conviction for felonious assault, constituted "factual" double jeopardy. Under the particular facts of this case, the two possession of weapons counts were included cognate offenses of felonious assault. It was factually and logically impossible for defendant to be guilty of felonious assault without at the same time being guilty of both carrying a dangerous weapon in an automobile occupied by him and carrying a dangerous weapon with unlawful intent.
Evidence at trial showed that Phillips was physically forced by defendants into an automobile. During the drive defendant Davis started to swing at the victim with a pair of brass knuckles, but was persuaded to stop by a codefendant. Davis then immediately produced a pistol and held it six inches from Phillips' face.
The information charged defendant Davis with felonious assault and carrying a weapon with unlawful intent on the basis of his use of "a pistol and brass knuckles". Violation of the concealed weapons statute was alleged on the basis of his carrying "a pistol, whether concealed or otherwise", in a vehicle. The instructions to the jury on each of these charges reflected the same factual basis as that charged in the information.
The assault count was factually supported by Davis' use of the brass knuckles and the pistol to threaten Phillips while they were in the automobile. These were the same proofs which necessarily supported his conviction on the charge of carrying a dangerous weapon, here a pistol, with unlawful intent. The only evidence of his unlawful intent while possessing the pistol was that he assaulted Phillips with the same weapon. These convictions being based on proof of a single occurrence, they violate the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy.
Davis did assault Phillips with two weapons. It is theoretically arguable that, in such a case, a defendant's assault conviction could rest upon proof of the act involving the use of the brass knuckles, while a conviction for possession of a weapon with unlawful intent could rest upon proof of a "separate" act of assault with a pistol. Cf. People v Yarbrough, 107 Mich. App. 332; 309 N.W.2d 602 (1981). In this case, however, no such distinction was made in the information, the jury instructions or the prosecutor's theory of the case. The episode was charged and treated throughout the trial as a single assault involving use of both brass knuckles and a pistol. See People v Leverette, 112 Mich. App. 142, 148, fn 2; 315 N.W.2d 876 (1982).
The proofs supporting Davis' conviction for carrying a dangerous weapon in a vehicle were the same as those supporting his conviction for felonious assault. The jury must necessarily have found him guilty of carrying a dangerous weapon in a vehicle in order to find he assaulted Phillips with the weapons while in the automobile.
In People v Shelton, 93 Mich. App. 782; 286 N.W.2d 922 (1979), decided prior to People v Jankowski, supra, it was concluded that a conviction for both felonious assault and carrying a concealed weapon did not violate double jeopardy. That conclusion was based on a determination that each offense requires proof of a fact that the other does not. The Court applied the Blockburger test; it did not address the issue of whether the two convictions were based on a single act or occurrence and thus constituted "factual" double jeopardy.
Generally, where a defendant is convicted of both a greater and lesser offense, the remedy is to vacate the conviction of the lesser offense and affirm the conviction of the greater offense. People v Jankowski, supra, 98-99; People v Hale (On Remand), 103 Mich. App. 273; 303 N.W.2d 17 (1981); People v Grable, 95 Mich. App. 20; 289 N.W.2d 871 (1980). This rule is not, however, absolute, and the remedy has been modified to accommodate the facts of a particular case. See People v Leverette, supra, 149-153.
Application of the usual remedy in this case would produce a paradoxical result. The two possession of weapons offenses are the "lesser" offenses in the sense that they are factually included in the offense of felonious assault. The Legislature has, however, prescribed punishment of five years for these factually "lesser" offenses, and only four years for the "greater" offense of felonious assault.
Accordingly, in the interest of justice, we conclude that the appropriate remedy in this case is to vacate the convictions and attendant sentences for carrying a weapon in a vehicle and felonious assault, leaving intact Davis' convictions and sentences imposed on Count III, carrying a firearm or dangerous weapon with unlawful intent, and Counts I and V.
In the absence of an objection by defense counsel, we find no manifest injustice resulting from the prosecutor's various comments at trial. The statements related to the evidence and credibility of witnesses and were therefore within the bounds of permissible argument. People v Caldwell, 78 Mich. App. 690; 261 N.W.2d 1 (1977).
Davis finally challenges the legality of the search of the trunk resulting in the seizure of the pistol. He claims the search, conducted at the police station following impoundement of the automobile, exceeded the scope of a permissible inventory search. However, no motion to suppress this evidence was made, and no objection was raised to its admission at trial.
As a general rule, this Court will not review an issue raised for the first time on appeal. People v Smith, 118 Mich. App. 366; 325 N.W.2d 429 (1982). Where consideration of a claim not previously raised is necessary to a proper determination of the case, the issue will be considered. People v Harris, 95 Mich. App. 507, 509; 291 N.W.2d 97 (1980). We conclude, however, that the question of the admissibility of the evidence produced is not decisive to the outcome of the case, and therefore decline to address the issue. People v Blassingame, 59 Mich. App. 327; 229 N.W.2d 438 (1975), lv den 399 Mich. 842 (1977). Although discovery of the gun was corroborative of Phillips version of the events, in light of Phillips' testimony and the additional physical evidence and testimony admitted which also corroborated Phillips' testimony, we conclude that admission of the pistol was not determinative of the outcome.
Defendant Kocsis' convictions are affirmed. Defendant Davis' convictions for carrying a weapon in a vehicle and felonious assault are vacated and his other convictions affirmed.