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indicating that specific acts may not be shown to establish that the victim was the aggressor; specific acts, however, may be shown to establish reasonable apprehension of harm
Summary of this case from People v. HarrisOpinion
Docket No. 24047.
Decided March 1, 1977.
Appeal from Saginaw, Joseph R. McDonald, J. Submitted January 5, 1977, at Lansing. (Docket No. 24047.) Decided March 1, 1977.
James M. Cooper was convicted of second-degree murder. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, E. Brady Denton, Jr., Prosecuting Attorney, and Peter C. Jensen, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Marshall S. Redman, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and BASHARA and R.M. MAHER, JJ.
Defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, contrary to MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549, and sentenced to a term of from 10 to 20 years imprisonment. Defendant appeals by right.
Defendant claims that the self-defense instructions given by the trial judge were reversibly erroneous. The self-defense instructions complained of are indistinguishable from those given in People v Shelton, 64 Mich. App. 154; 235 N.W.2d 93 (1975). It appears that here, as in Shelton, supra, the trial judge relied upon 2 Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law Procedure (2d ed), § 906, Form No. 411, p 1288, which states that a defendant "must satisfy the jury that that defense was necessary, that he did all he could to avoid it, and that it was necessary to protect his own life". (Emphasis added.) In Shelton, supra, at 157, this Court said that that instruction "is at best misleading to the jury, giving them the impression that only actual necessity, not a reasonable but mistaken belief in necessity, would justify extreme action in self-defense". In addition, as in Shelton, supra, the trial judge's instruction that "Ill will of the victim and former quarrels and affrays could have nothing whatever to do with the respondent's peril", "implied that prior threats or conduct of the victim should not be considered". Id. The law is otherwise. People v Giacalone, 242 Mich. 16; 217 N.W. 758 (1928), People v Cameron, 52 Mich. App. 463; 217 N.W.2d 401 (1974). Although defense counsel failed to object to the above portions of the trial judge's self-defense instruction, the error is not waived when, as here, the trial judge improperly instructed the jury on the law of the case. Defendant had a right to have a properly instructed jury pass upon the evidence. People v Townes, 391 Mich. 578; 218 N.W.2d 136 (1974), People v Reece, 9 Mich. App. 108; 155 N.W.2d 870 (1967), see MCLA 768.29; MSA 28.1052. The instruction here was confusing and misleading, and therefore warrants reversal. People v Townes, supra, People v Liggett, 378 Mich. 706; 148 N.W.2d 784 (1967).
People v Perez, 66 Mich. App. 685, 692; 239 N.W.2d 432 (1976), provides guidance in the formulation of appropriate instructions on self-defense:
"[W]e think that two aspects of self-defense should be consistently emphasized in the instructions upon retrial. First, the self-defense justification for homicide is based upon the circumstances as they appeared to defendant, and not as they actually existed, People v Burkard, 374 Mich. 430; 132 N.W.2d 106 (1965), People v Sangster, 33 Mich. App. 712; 190 N.W.2d 317 (1971). Second, those circumstances as they appeared to the defendant must result in a reasonable belief that he, the defendant, is in danger of death or serious bodily harm, People v Lenkevich, 394 Mich. 117, 124; 229 N.W.2d 298 (1975), People v Shelton, 64 Mich. App. 154; 235 N.W.2d 93 (1975), People v Bright, 50 Mich. App. 401, 406; 213 N.W.2d 279 (1973)." (Emphasis added.)
Although our holding with respect to the self-defense instruction requires reversal, we proceed to consider defendant's other assignments of error because they involve questions likely to be raised upon retrial of this cause. First, defendant claims on appeal that the trial judge erred in excluding certain testimony relating to a prior violent act by the victim, Liddell. After defendant testified that Liddell had once pulled a gun on him, he attempted to testify that Liddell had shot defendant's brother. The trial judge sustained the prosecutor's objection and instructed the jury to disregard the testimony. Because defense counsel made no attempt thereafter to lay a foundation for the admission of such testimony, we are unable to determine whether it would have been admissible, but we are of the opinion that under certain circumstances it would be.
The rule permitting a defendant who claims self-defense to offer proof of prior threats made against him by the victim and altercations between the defendant and the victim is well settled. People v Ake, 362 Mich. 134; 106 N.W.2d 800 (1961), People v Giacalone, 242 Mich. 16; 217 N.W. 758 (1928), People v Tillman, 132 Mich. 23; 92 N.W. 499 (1902), People v Cameron, 52 Mich. App. 463; 217 N.W.2d 401 (1974). "For an accused to prevail on a claim of self-defense, it must be shown that under all of the circumstances as they appeared to him at the time, he was in danger of suffering death or great bodily harm." People v Cameron, supra, at 465 (emphasis added). Accordingly, evidence of specific violent acts or threats by the victim directed against the defendant is admissible "to show the defendant's apprehensive state of mind." Id, at 466, People v Giacalone, supra, at 21-22. Evidence of the victim's reputation for violence, on the other hand, is admissible for two purposes:
"It is held to be circumstantial evidence bearing on the state of mind of the defendant or on the question of which party was the aggressor in the affray." People v Stallworth, 364 Mich. 528, 536; 111 N.W.2d 742 (1961). (Emphasis added.)
"Where the evidence of propensity for violence is offered to corroborate other evidence that the victim of the assault was the aggressor, it whould (sic) not be necessary to show knowledge on the part of the defendant of the victim's aggressive character. But on the issue of self-defense where the question is whether the defendant acted upon reasonable apprehension of danger, he must show that the other party's character or reputation for violence was known to him, or that threats of violence were actually communicated to him, since it is the defendant's state of mind or his belief of impending peril which is the subject of inquiry." I Jones, Evidence (6th Ed), § 4.40, pp 464-465.
Evidence of the specific act to which defendant attempted to testify, viz. evidence that Liddell shot defendant's brother, would not be admissible as evidence of Liddell's general reputation as a person having a violent character. People v Cellura, 288 Mich. 54, 64; 284 N.W. 643 (1939). That specific acts of violence by Liddell would not be admissible to prove his general reputation for violence does not render proof of such acts inadmissible for any purpose, however. In People v Rapier, 43 Mich. App. 297 ; 204 N.W.2d 339 (1972), a prosecution of the victim's wife for second-degree murder, defendant attempted to introduce evidence that the victim had raped four young girls, including her daughter and her niece. This Court affirmed the trial judge's exclusion of evidence that the deceased victim had committed rapes because neither defendant nor anyone else was in imminent danger of being sexually assaulted. The Court indicated in dictum that evidence of beatings or other specific violent acts directed against third persons by the deceased would have been admissible, as bearing upon the likelihood that defendant was afraid of the deceased, if they were known to the defendant. People v Rapier, at 303-304. In the instant case the specific act of violence alleged to have been committed by Liddell against defendant's brother was identical to that which defendant claims to have feared his victim would commit against him. Therefore, we think that such evidence would be admissible, upon laying a proper foundation establishing that defendant knew that Liddell had shot his brother, as suggested by Rapier, supra, to show that defendant's state of mind was such that he reasonably apprehended danger of serious bodily injury or death at the hands of his victim. We agree with the reasoning in People v Harris, 95 Mich. 87, 90-91; 54 N.W. 648 (1893), in which the Court held that it was error to exclude such testimony because defendant's knowledge or information concerning violent encounters between the deceased and other antagonists would have "materially increased his apprehension of danger". Accord, People v Farrell, 137 Mich. 127, 130; 100 N.W. 264 (1904), People v Rapier, supra, see Hurd v People, 25 Mich. 405, 418 (1872), but cf. People v Dowd, 127 Mich. 140, 143; 86 N.W. 546 (1901). People v Cellura, supra, at 64, is not to the contrary, since evidence of the deceased's specific acts of violence directed towards third persons, if known to the defendant at the time of the fatal encounter, would be "directly connected with and involved in the homicide", inasmuch as defendant's "mental condition [at the time of the slaying] must necessarily be materially affected by any knowledge he possessed of the physical strength or violent temper of the deceased, or his violence when in anger". People v Harris, supra, at 91; see People v Knott, 59 Mich. App. 105, 109-111; 228 N.W.2d 838 (1975).
Defendant's contention that the trial court's instruction on the element of malice was erroneous was decided adversely to him in People v Rosemary Gibson, 71 Mich. App. 543; 248 N.W.2d 613 (1976). Finally, defendant's contention that the prosecutor's rebuttal argument contained unfair, improper, and prejudicial remarks constituting grounds for reversal is without merit. Defense counsel did not object to any of the prosecutor's remarks. Any prejudice that may have resulted from the prosecutor's comments could have been rectified by timely objection and appropriate cautionary instructions, and therefore the remarks are not grounds for reversal. People v Hall, 396 Mich. 650; 242 N.W.2d 377 (1976), People v Humphreys, 24 Mich. App. 411; 180 N.W.2d 328 (1970).
Reversed and remanded.