Opinion
No. 85CA0830
Decided March 19, 1987.
Appeal from the District Court of Otero County Honorable Durant D. Davidson, Judge
Duane Woodard, Attorney General, Charles B. Howe, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Richard H. Forman, Solicitor General, David R. Little, Assistant Attorney General, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Wittman Farry, Edward T. Farry, Jr., for Defendant-Appellant.
The defendant, Ronald Paul Collyer, appeals from a judgment of conviction entered upon a jury verdict finding him guilty of theft. Collyer contends that the trial court erred in denying his Crim. P. 35(c) motion for post-conviction relief. As grounds for reversal, Collyer claims that he should have been tried for theft of cable television service, a misdemeanor, rather than for felony theft. He also asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. We affirm.
In March 1985, Collyer was convicted under the general theft statute, § 18-4-401, C.R.S. (1986 Repl. Vol. 8B) of stealing a cable television "signal." The conduct which led to his conviction took place from October 1983 through December 1984. Collyer was charged with exercising unauthorized control over the TV signal by using an amplifier and signal splitters to provide unauthorized cable television service to tenants in the apartment house he managed. In return, the tenants paid fees to Collyer which he did not remit to the cable TV company that transmitted the signal.
After Collyer was arrested, but before he was tried in 1985, the General Assembly enacted § 18-4-701, C.R.S (1986 Repl. Vol. 8B), entitled "Theft of Cable Television Service." A violation of that statute is a class 2 misdemeanor. Section 18-4-701(3), C.R.S. (1986 Repl. Vol. 8B). The General Assembly made the statute effective July 1, 1984, and it is specifically applicable to offenses taking place after that date. Colo. Sess. Laws 1984, ch. 133 at 544.
I.
For several reasons, Collyer contends that he should have been tried under the provisions of § 18-4-701. He argues that this is the specific statute relating to the offense at issue and should be applied over the general theft statute. He also argues that he has been denied equal protection of the laws because of the existence of two statutes that cover the facts giving rise to the charges. Finally, although he makes no reference either to Crim. P. 35(c)(1) or to § 18-1-410(1)(f), C.R.S. (1986 Repl. Vol. 8B), he urges that § 18-4-701 is a significant change in the law which should be applied retroactively in his case. We reject these contentions.
Defendant's contentions relative to a denial of equal protection and that he should have been tried under the specific statute are without merit.
As to his retroactivity argument, statutes are presumed to be prospective in operation and are to be construed accordingly unless the General Assembly specifically states otherwise. Section 2-4-202, C.R.S.(1980 Repl. Vol. 1B). But, in § 18-1-410(1), C.R.S., (1986 Repl. Vol. 8B) the General Assembly has explicitly provided for post-conviction review if "there has been significant change in the law, applied to the applicant's conviction or sentence, allowing in the interests of justice retroactive application of the changed legal standard." The provisions of Crim. P. 35(c)(1) are identical.
These statutory provisions have been frequently applied by the Supreme Court to require reduction of a defendant's sentence retroactively. See Shook v. District Court, 188 Colo. 76, 533 P.2d 41 (1975); People v. Thornton, 187 Colo. 202, 529 P.2d 628 (1974); People v. Thomas, 185 Colo. 395, 525 P.2d 1136 (1974). Relief was denied, however, in People v. Macias, 631 P.2d 584 (Colo. 1981) because the amendatory legislation explicitly stated that it was to apply only to offenses committed after a certain date, without reference to the statute or rule authorizing the application of a changed legal standard.
While the statute and rule have not previously been applied to a defendant's conviction, as opposed to his sentence, we see no reason why the principles announced in Macias, supra, should not apply. Accordingly, since § 18-4-701 makes no reference to the rule or the statute, and explicitly applies to offenses committed after the effective date, retrospective application may not be given to the misdemeanor statute.
II.
Collyer's contention that there was insufficient evidence to support the verdict is also without merit.
If a defendant challenges his conviction on the basis of insufficient evidence, the reviewing court must examine the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. People v. Quick, 713 P.2d 1282 (Colo. 1986). Doing so here, we conclude that a reasonable juror could find all the elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the verdict must be allowed to stand. People v. Quick, supra; People v. Gonzales, 666 P.2d 123 (Colo. 1983).
The judgment is affirmed.
JUDGE SMITH and JUDGE STERNBERG concur.