Opinion
Docket No. 95754.
Decided March 7, 1988.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Donald E. Martin, Prosecuting Attorney, and Robert B. Ebersole, Chief Appellate Attorney, and Susan L. LeDuc, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Gerald C. Beckwith, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant Georgina Burhans appeals by leave granted from an Ingham Circuit Court order affirming her district court conviction for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of liquor (OUIL), MCL 257.625(1); MSA 9.2325(1). We affirm.
On July 17, 1985, at around 7:30 P.M., Sergeant Bennett of the Lansing Police Department stopped defendant's car because he saw her drive erratically and run through a red light. Defendant's breath smelled of alcohol, her speech was slurred, and she had trouble standing up. Bennett read defendant her Miranda warnings and arrested her for OUIL. Bennett asked defendant to take a preliminary breath test, which she refused. Defendant resisted getting into Bennett's police car, so Bennett called Lansing Police Officer Lewis to help him put defendant into Lewis' patrol car. Bennett and Lewis took defendant to the Lansing police station and reread defendant her Miranda warnings at 8:15 P.M.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
About one hour after defendant's arrest, Bennett and Lewis asked defendant to perform a series of physical sobriety tests, which were videotaped. It is standard procedure at the Lansing Police Department to videotape OUIL suspects while they perform these sobriety tests. Officer Lewis pointed out the video camera to defendant prior to asking defendant to perform these tests and informed defendant that she was being videotaped. Lewis read defendant the instructions for each sobriety test and then demonstrated each test to defendant. The four tests were: (1) walking heel to toe; (2) standing on one leg while counting to twenty; (3) reciting the alphabet; and (4) counting one to four on her fingers by touching each finger to her thumb. It was the officers' opinion that defendant failed each test. Officer Lewis recorded defendant's test performance on video tape.
Defendant moved to suppress the video tape of her sobriety tests in a pretrial motion and at the beginning of her trial. The district court denied both motions.
Defendant was tried for OUIL in a jury trial. Bennett and Lewis both testified regarding defendant's actions and performance of the four physical sobriety tests. The video tape of defendant's sobriety tests was admitted into evidence and viewed by the jury. The jury viewed the video tape a second time during its deliberations. The jury found defendant guilty of OUIL.
Defendant appealed her conviction to the Ingham Circuit Court, contending that showing the video tape to the jury violated her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The circuit court affirmed defendant's conviction, holding that the presence of counsel was not required during the sobriety tests and that the videotaping was nontestimonial, so defendant's Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights were not violated.
Defendant contends that videotaping the sobriety tests violated her rights against self-incrimination under both the Michigan and United States Constitutions.
Michigan's constitutional provision against self-incrimination, Const 1963, art 1, § 17, is construed no more liberally than the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Paramount Pictures Corp v Miskinis, 418 Mich. 708, 728; 344 N.W.2d 788 (1984); Bowerman v MacDonald, 157 Mich. App. 368, 372; 403 N.W.2d 140 (1987), lv gtd on other grounds 428 Mich. 910 (1987). The constitutional privilege against self-incrimination protects a defendant from being compelled to testify against himself or from being compelled to provide the state with evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature. Schmerber v California, 384 U.S. 757, 761; 86 S Ct 1826; 16 L Ed 2d 908 (1966); Bowerman, 157 Mich. App. 372. Thus, the question is whether the videotaping of defendant's taking field sobriety tests is of a testimonial or communicative nature.
Compulsion which makes a defendant a source of real or physical evidence does not violate the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination. Schmerber, 384 U.S. 764. Compelling a defendant to perform actions which demonstrate identifying physical characteristics, such as handwriting or voice exemplars, does not compel a defendant to give testimonial or communicative evidence and so does not violate the privilege against self-incrimination. United States v Dionisio, 410 U.S. 1, 5; 93 S Ct 764; 35 L Ed 2d 67 (1973); Gilbert v California, 388 U.S. 263, 266-267; 87 S Ct 1951; 18 L Ed 2d 1178 (1967). See also People v Petrac, 89 Mich. App. 188; 280 N.W.2d 478 (1979) (handwriting exemplars); People v Killebrew, 16 Mich. App. 624; 168 N.W.2d 423 (1969) (defendant in lineup told to put on his hat and coat).
We hold that the videotaping of defendant's performance of the physical sobriety tests did not violate her privilege against self-incrimination. The tests given tested defendant's physical coordination as a means of determining her sobriety and did not compel defendant to give any evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature. Instead, these tests demonstrated the identifying physical characteristics of defendant's intoxication and are thus analogous to handwriting or voice exemplars, which are not protected by the privilege against self-incrimination. This result is consistent with the result reached by essentially every state court to address this issue.
See, e.g., McAvoy v State, 70 Md. App. 661; 523 A.2d 618 (1987); Delgado v State, 691 S.W.2d 722 (Tex App, 1985); State v Taylor, 199 N.J. Super. 339; 489 A.2d 720 (1984); State v Roadifer, 346 N.W.2d 438 (SD, 1984); State v Theriault, 144 Ariz. 166; 696 P.2d 718 (Ariz. App, 1984); Oxholm v District of Columbia, 464 A.2d 113 (DC App, 1983); State v Haefer, 110 Wis. 2d 381; 328 N.W.2d 894 (1982); People v Ramirez, 199 Colo. 367; 609 P.2d 616 (1980); City of Piqua v Hinger, 15 Ohio St.2d 110; 238 N.E.2d 766 (1968), cert den 393 U.S. 1001; 89 S Ct 484; 21 L Ed 2d 466 (1968).
To repeat, the taking of a sobriety test is not a violation of defendant's rights against self-incrimination, nor does videotaping defendant's sobriety tests transform the objective results of those tests into testimonial or communicative evidence. See People v Heading, 39 Mich. App. 126, 131; 197 N.W.2d 325 (1972). A video tape reveals no more than what the officers observed and are allowed to testify about. It is a visual and aural corroboration of the officers' testimony. State v Haefer, 110 Wis.2d 381, 386; 328 N.W.2d 894 (1982). As such it obviously enhances and renders more accurate the jury's understanding of defendant's condition. The circuit court properly affirmed the district court's denial of defendant's motions to suppress the video tape.
Of course, an evidentiary foundation must be established before the videotape can be introduced into evidence. Heading, 39 Mich. App. 132. Defendant, however, does not claim that a proper evidentiary foundation was not established in this case.
Defendant also contends that she was entitled to counsel when the police videotaped the sobriety tests and that her failure to expressly waive her right to counsel required police not to proceed with the tests until counsel was made available to her.
Although defendant was given her Miranda rights prior to being requested to perform the sobriety tests, we conclude that this was not required since defendant was not subject to custodial interrogation and because we hold that defendant did not have a right to counsel during the physical sobriety tests. The right to counsel extends to all "critical" stages of the proceedings where counsel's absence might harm defendant's right to a fair trial. United States v Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967); People v Barnett, 163 Mich. App. 331, 335; 414 N.W.2d 378 (1987). The right to counsel does not extend to the gathering of physical evidence from a defendant, such as blood tests or handwriting samples, because there is a minimal risk of harm due to attorney absence. Gilbert v California, 388 U.S. 263, 267; 87 S Ct 1951; 18 L Ed 2d 1178 (1967); Wade, 388 U.S. 228; Barnett, 163 Mich. App. 335.
This Court has held that there is no right to counsel prior to the taking of the Breathalyzer test due to the minimal risk that defense counsel's absence will harm a defendant's right to a fair trial. People v Jelneck, 148 Mich. App. 456, 461; 384 N.W.2d 801 (1986), lv den 425 Mich. 876 (1986); Holmberg v 54-A Judicial District Judge, 60 Mich. App. 757, 760; 231 N.W.2d 543, lv den 394 Mich. 838 (1975). Additionally, due to the rapid rate that the body rids itself of alcohol, obtaining counsel prior to sobriety testing is impractical because the delay in obtaining an attorney would interfere with the accurate appraisal of the defendant's intoxication. Jelneck, 148 Mich. App. 461. These concerns apply equally to the videotaping of defendant's field sobriety tests. In fact, videotaping serves to fulfill the role an attorney would perform of providing an independent corroboration of how the sobriety tests were conducted. We conclude that defendant's Sixth Amendment rights to counsel were not violated. Moreover, to the extent defendant argues her Fifth Amendment rights to counsel were violated after she had been given her Miranda warnings, we disagree since the police were not engaged in interrogation of defendant but the videotaping of physical evidence.
Lastly, defendant contends that the videotaping of the sobriety tests was improper since it was not authorized by statute. On the contrary, to the extent authorization was needed, we believe the videotaping was proper under MCL 257.625(a)(7); MSA 9.2325(1)(7), which allows the introduction of any competent evidence indicating intoxication in addition to chemical analysis of the person's blood, urine or breath. Because defendant has not raised or challenged any foundational defect in the introduction of the video tape into evidence, we affirm her conviction.
Affirmed.