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In Burgess, at the close of proofs, the trial court did not instruct the jury that it must be unanimous in its agreement with respect to the prosecutor's theory of the defendant's guilt — either that defendant participated in the crime as a principal or an aider and abettor.
Summary of this case from People v. SmielewskiOpinion
Docket No. 21310.
Decided February 9, 1976. Leave to appeal denied, 397 Mich ___.
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, Samuel C. Gardner, J. Submitted January 16, 1976, at Detroit. (Docket No. 21310.) Decided February 9, 1976. Leave to appeal denied, 397 Mich ___.
Otis Burgess was convicted of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Patricia J. Boyle, Principal Attorney, Research, Training and Appeals, and Raymond P. Walsh, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Dennis H. Benson, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Before: McGREGOR, P.J., and BASHARA and ALLEN, JJ.
Defendant, Otis Burgess, was charged with assault with intent to commit murder (MCLA 750.83; MSA 28.278) but was convicted by a jury of the lesser included offense of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder (MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279). Subsequently, defendant was sentenced to a term of 2 to 10 years in prison. He now appeals as a matter of right.
Three of the issues raised by the defendant relate to the trial court's instructions to the jury regarding defendant's possible guilt as an aider and abetter.
After instructing the jury on the elements of the principal offense and two lesser included offenses, the trial court gave the following instructions:
The second lesser included offense was felonious assault, MCLA 750.82; MSA 28.277.
"You are instructed that it is the law of Michigan in felony cases such as this one, that all parties who are concerned in the commission of the felony, whether they directly commit the act constituting the felony, or, aid and abet in its commission, are held to be equally responsible. So that whether a party commits by himself the entire act which constitutes a felony, or, if he is concerned with another in its commission, if he aids another in its commission, if he assists another in its commission by word or deed, either by words of encouragement, assistance, or support, or by actions giving encouragement, assistance or support, either party under these circumstances would, in the eyes of the law, be held to be equally responsible; that is, so far as their personal guilt or innocence is concerned.
* * *
"Now there are four possible verdicts in this case. One, Guilty of Assault with Intent To Commit Murder. Two, Guilty of Assault With Intent To Do Great Bodily Harm Less Than The Crime of Murder. Three, Guilty of Felonious Assault. Four, Not Guilty.
"Your verdict must be unanimous."
Defense counsel did not object to these instructions and expressed his satisfaction with the trial court's entire charge to the jury.
Defendant first contends that the above instructions were erroneous in that the trial court failed to inform the jury that, in order to convict the defendant as an aider and abetter, they must first find that the guilt of the principal was proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
While we agree with defendant's above proposition of law, we cannot agree with defendant's contention that the trial court failed adequately to instruct the jury on this element.
See People v Tunnacliff, 375 Mich. 298; 134 N.W.2d 682 (1965), People v Hoaglin, 262 Mich. 162; 247 N.W. 141 (1933), People v Parks, 57 Mich. App. 738; 226 N.W.2d 710 (1975).
The trial court twice instructed the jury that a defendant could be held criminally responsible for a felony if, by his actions, he aided or abetted another in the felony's commission. Thus, the jury was informed that another individual's direct commission of the felony was a condition precedent to finding the aider and abetter guilty. Consequently, before the jury could conclude that the defendant was guilty as an aider and abetter of either the charged offense or one of the lesser included offenses, it was necessary for them to determine that the principal had, in fact, directly committed that felony. In addition, the trial court's instruction on reasonable doubt sufficiently informed the jury of the burden of proof necessary to establish the principal's guilt.
Moreover, the defendant admitted the principal's guilt at trial. The theory of the defense was that the other individual did commit a felony, but did so without any participation whatsoever by the defendant.
Thus, while the trial court certainly could have been more explicit in instructing the jury on this element, we conclude that the instruction given was adequate and did not result in a manifest injustice. GCR 1963, 516.2.
Defendant's second contention is similar to the first. He argues that the above instruction also failed to inform the jury that an aider and abetter must, at the time of giving the aid, intend the commission of the crime charged.
We also agree with this proposition of law, but, again, we cannot agree with the defendant's contention that this element was not adequately covered by the trial court's instructions to the jury.
See People v McKeighan, 205 Mich. 367; 171 N.W. 500 (1919), People v Popular, 20 Mich. App. 132; 173 N.W.2d 732 (1969).
In the above quoted instruction, the trial court twice pointed out that, in order for an aider and abetter to be held equally responsible with the principal, both the aider and abetter and the principal had to be "concerned" with the commission of the felony.
While this instruction, standing alone, might be insufficient, when coupled with the trial court's other instructions, it adequately informs the jury of the requisite intent that need be possessed by an aider and abetter. The trial court had previously fully explained the elements of and the intent required to perpetrate the charged offenses. Further, the jury was instructed that the law treats an aider and abetter in the same manner as it treats a principal. Thus, the jury was told that, in order for them to convict the defendant as an aider and abetter, they would need to find that he possessed the same intent to commit the crime that the principal possessed. Since the trial court fully explained the requisite intent of a principal to the jury, it necessarily follows that they were also properly instructed on the requisite intent of an aider and abetter.
Consequently, this instruction, like the first, does not warrant the reversal of defendant's conviction.
Defendant next contends that the trial court committed reversible error in instructing the jury on the alternative theories of defendant's possible guilt — either as a principal or as an aider and abetter — but that it failed to instruct the jury that a verdict on either theory must be unanimous. In so arguing, defendant relies on People v Olsson, 56 Mich. App. 500; 224 N.W.2d 691 (1974).
In Olsson, the defendant was charged with first-degree murder. The jury was instructed on two alternative theories of guilt — either felony-murder or premeditated murder. The jury was not instructed however, that it must be unanimous as to the exact degree of guilt. Our Court reversed, finding that the trial court's instructions failed to assure a unanimous verdict. The Court stated:
"We feel that these instructions did not adequately inform the jury of their duty to make a unanimous finding as to whether defendant was guilty of premeditated murder or murder in the perpetration of a felony. We agree with defendant that on the basis of these instructions, it is possible that the jury arrived at a compromise verdict, that is, some members of the jury may have felt defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of murder in the perpetration of a robbery or larceny while the remaining members may have felt that defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of premeditated murder. Such a verdict would not be unanimous and could not convict defendant. GCR 1963, 512.1." 56 Mich. App. 506.
Despite the apparent similarities, we find Olsson, supra, to be distinguishable from the present case. There, the alternative theories were felony-murder and premeditated murder. Thus, it was possible that some members of the Olsson jury could have found that the defendant committed a premeditated murder but no felony, while the other members could have reached exactly the opposite conclusion. Consequently, the jury may not have reached a unanimous verdict on the defendant's guilt of first-degree murder. This would be the case because, if some members of the jury felt that the defendant did not commit the underlying felony, then the jury could not have found the defendant guilty of felony-murder. Additionally, if other members of the jury felt that the defendant did not premeditate, then, similarly, the defendant could not have been found guilty of premeditated murder. Therefore, it was possible in the Olsson case that the jury reached an improper compromise verdict since the defendant may not have been convicted of first-degree murder if the jury had been properly instructed.
In the present case, however, such prejudice to the defendant could not have occurred.
To convict the defendant as an aider and abetter, the jury had to find (1) the principal's guilt of the charged offense, (2) that the defendant supported or encouraged the principal in the commission of the charged offense, and (3) that the defendant himself entertained the requisite intent of the charged offense. On the other hand, to convict the defendant as the principal, the jury would have had to have found that defendant committed one of the charged offenses while harboring the same requisite intent.
Based on the evidence in the present case, even assuming that some members of the jury felt that the defendant was guilty as a principal while others felt that he was guilty as an aider and abetter, the jury nevertheless could not have reached an improper compromise verdict, since those members who felt that the defendant was guilty as the principal would have necessarily also found him guilty as an aider and abetter.
As noted above, the requisite intent of an aider and abetter is the same as the requisite intent of a principal. Thus, those members of the jury who may have found the defendant guilty as the principal would have found him to possess the same intent required of an aider and abetter. In addition, under the facts of the present case, those jury members who felt that the defendant was guilty as a principal would also have had to have found him to be a co-principal with the individual who actually assaulted the victim. This being the case, the defendant's participation in the crime would have been more than is required to satisfy the "giving aid" element of an aider and abetter's criminal liability. As a result, this element was proven to the satisfaction of all members of the jury.
This leaves only the "guilt of the principal" element for possible application of the Olsson rationale. Defendant seeks to invoke this rationale by arguing that possibly some members of the jury could have found the defendant guilty as the principal and the other individual not guilty, while the remaining members of the jury could have found the other individual guilty as the principal but the defendant guilty only as an aider and abetter. We find the possibility that some members of the jury found the defendant guilty as the principal while finding the other individual not guilty to be inconceivable under the facts of the present case. Those members of the jury would not only have to reject the undisputed proof that the defendant's guilt as a principal could only be premised upon the fact that he was the co-principal with the other individual, but they would also have to reject completely both the defense and prosecution theories of the case, since both were predicated upon the guilt of the other individual. Thus, in order for those members of the jury to find the defendant guilty as a principal, they would also have to have found his co-principal to be equally guilty.
Consequently, even if defendant's basic premise that the jury may have found him guilty without ascertaining the exact theory of guilt is true, the defendant was not prejudiced thereby, since all the jurors found him guilty of at least aiding and abetting. With the abolition of the common law distinction between a principal and an aider and abetter, the defendant cannot complain if some members of the jury found his participation in the crime to be more substantial than did the remaining members of the jury. Under these circumstances, we conclude that any error in this portion of the trial court's charge must be considered harmless.
This premise is not born out by the actions of the jury. They requested and were given supplemental instructions on the definition and application of the law pertaining to aiding and abetting. This would seem to indicate that they were aware of the separate theories of guilt and, more likely than not, proceeded accordingly.
MCLA 767.39; MSA 28.979.
Thorough examination of the other issues raised by the defendant reveals no error which would require the reversal of the defendant's conviction.
Affirmed.