Opinion
Docket No. 25702.
Decided July 21, 1976.
Appeal from Kent, Stuart Hoffius, J. Submitted June 3, 1976, at Grand Rapids. (Docket No. 25702.) Decided July 21, 1976.
Marshall J. Bryant was convicted of first-degree murder. Defendant appeals. Remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Harold K. Sawyer, Prosecuting Attorney, and Craig S. Neckers, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
David A. Dodge, for defendant.
On January 31, 1975 defendant Marshall J. Bryant and a juvenile, Arthur "Buster" Bond, entered the Paiz Food Store. The store was owned and operated for 16 years by Mr. and Mrs. Amancio Paiz in the City of Grand Rapids. Defendant had known Mr. and Mrs. Paiz and had worked for them previously. The two boys remained in the store for roughly one-half hour. After asking for some aspirin, the juvenile "Buster" Bond pulled a .38-caliber pistol and shot Mr. Paiz several times inflicting fatal wounds, while Mrs. Paiz looked on. Mr. Bond then unsuccessfully attempted to open the cash register. The boys then fled. The prosecution offered evidence that the boys had planned to rob the store, the defendant Bryant had shouted, "Shoot `em", during the robbery and had warned Bond that someone was coming. The defendant maintained he was not a participant in a robbery, that he had previously refused to rob a store, that he, Mr. Bryant, was merely waiting in the store for a bus and that the juvenile, Arthur Bond, had a personal vendetta with Mr. Paiz. Defendant Bryant was tried in Kent County Circuit Court on the charge of first-degree felony murder. MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on that charge and the mandatory life sentence was imposed. This appeal of right followed. Defendant raises four issues on appeal.
I
Defendant maintains that the trial judge erred by allowing the prosecution to indorse upon the information and call as a rebuttal witness Mr. Arthur Bond, defendant's alleged accomplice in the crime charged, and that Mr. Bond's testimony went beyond rebuttal and instead directly supported the prosecution's case in chief.
The record indicates that defense counsel's objection to the prosecution's calling of Arthur Bond as a witness went to defendant's contention that Bond was a res gestae witness and should have been indorsed as such. However, it is one thing for defendant to object to the late indorsement of an alleged res gestae witness, and it is quite another thing for defendant to object during the testimony of an alleged rebuttal witness that the purported rebuttal testimony is in fact exceeding the scope of legitimate rebuttal and constitutes testimony which should have been part of the prosecution's case in chief. The record in the present case fails to reveal any defense objection of the latter type and therefore the trial judge was never called upon to rule on the legitimacy of any portion of Bond's rebuttal testimony. Not having objected at trial, defendant cannot be heard on appeal to raise this belated contention.
Furthermore, the record clearly reveals that the defendant had earlier requested a writ of habeas corpus to bring Arthur Bond in for defense counsel's interviewing and possible presentation as defense witness at trial. Defendant was not surprised nor prejudiced by the appearance of Arthur Bond at trial. People v Utter, 217 Mich. 74; 185 N.W. 830 (1921), People v Massey, 63 Mich. App. 142; 234 N.W.2d 432 (1975).
II
Defendant also contends that the following instruction was erroneous, confusing and misleading and denied defendant his right to a properly instructed jury:
"The mere fact that Marshall Bryant aided and abetted in an armed robbery or an unarmed robbery, though he did not know a gun would be used, would not be a basis for his acquittal if his associate did use a gun without his knowledge."
There are three prerequisites for proving a charge of felony murder: 1) a homicide; 2) that the homicide is murder; and 3) that the murder occurs in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate one of the felonies enumerated in MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548, People v Wimbush, 45 Mich. App. 42, 46; 205 N.W.2d 890, 893 (1973). The quoted instruction does comport with these elements enumerated in Wimbush. All that the felony murder statute requires is that a murder occur in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate any robbery or larceny. The statute does not distinguish between armed and unarmed robbery in the felony murder context. The trial judge's instruction expressed the fact that if the defendant aided and abetted Arthur Bond in the commission of what defendant thought would be an unarmed robbery, defendant could not be acquitted of felony murder simply because the robbery turned out to be armed instead of unarmed. Although the trial judge's instruction may possibly have been stated with a greater degree of clarity, it was not such as to constitute reversible error.
III
The defendant also contends that the trial judge erred by refusing to grant the jury's request to have the testimony of the victim's wife reread to them.
We feel that the trial judge did not err by asking the jury to continue deliberation for a short time while reexamining their need for the rehearing of testimony and indicating to them that if they still felt the rehearing was necessary, it would be granted. This was clearly an exercise within the trial judge's discretion. People v Howe, 392 Mich. 670, 677; 221 N.W.2d 350, 353 (1974), illustrates the propriety of this judge's conduct, at least impliedly, by the following statement disapproving the trial judge's actions in that case:
"Returning to the present case we note that the jury asked to rehear the testimony of the only two witnesses to the events surrounding the death of the victim * * *. The trial judge did not indicate that he thought the request was unreasonable. Neither did he ask the jury to resume deliberations with the knowledge that their request would again be reviewed if the jury members continued to find it necessary to rehear certain testimony. See, Klein v Wagenheim, 379 Mich. 558, 561-562; 153 N.W.2d 663 (1967), People v Wright, 41 Mich. App. 518, 523; 200 N.W.2d 362 (1972)."
The trial judge acted well within his discretion and no error was committed.
IV
The final issue deals with the difficult question of the proper instructions in felony murder cases.
The Michigan Supreme Court has guided trial courts in the recently decided cases of People v Carter, 395 Mich. 434; 236 N.W.2d 500 (1975), People v Jenkins, 395 Mich. 440; 236 N.W.2d 503 (1975), and People v Paul, 395 Mich. 444; 236 N.W.2d 486 (1975). We believe these cases provide the proper guidelines for the resolution of this case.
People v Carter, supra, involved a felony murder case, but the defendants were found guilty of second-degree murder. Carter expressly disapproved of this Court's prior decision in People v Bufkin, 43 Mich. App. 585; 204 N.W.2d 762 (1972), which had held felony murder does not include second-degree murder nor manslaughter as lesser included offenses. A contrary view was expressed by another panel of this Court in People v Wimbush, 45 Mich. App. 42; 205 N.W.2d 890 (1973). In Carter the Court cited People v Treichel, 229 Mich. 303, 307-308; 200 N.W. 950, 951 (1924), as support for its decision: "`While the statute constitutes murder committed in the perpetration of burglary as in the first degree, it does not exclude all lesser degrees if the evidence warrants.'" 395 Mich. 434, 438; 236 N.W.2d 500, 502. We rule there is no evidence to find the existence of manslaughter and it would appear that there is no evidence of common law second-degree murder. The defendant maintained that he was not part of a robbery scheme and merely was waiting for a bus. The prosecution maintained he was part of the robbery which resulted in the homicide. The case was tried and presented to the jury as an either-or proposition, that is, either defendant was not involved in the robbery and therefore innocent or he was involved in a robbery which resulted in homicide, meeting the requirements of MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548. However, in Carter the Court stated: "We hold that there are lesser included offenses to first-degree felony-murder. Second-degree murder is always a lesser included offense of first-degree murder." 395 Mich. 434, 437; 236 N.W.2d 500, 502. Therefore, a second-degree murder instruction was required although the manslaughter charge was inappropriate. People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379, 390; 236 N.W.2d 461, 465 (1975).
In People v Jenkins, supra, the Court held that in every first-degree murder case the trial court is required to instruct sua sponte on the lesser included offense of second-degree murder. Jenkins was made applicable to all cases tried after January 1, 1976. Therefore, Jenkins does not expressly apply to this case. The question therefore is whether the trial judge erred in refusing to instruct, over defendant's objection and request, on the included offense of second-degree murder. Jenkins and Carter illustrate that the Supreme Court was concerned that the lesser included offense would not be explained to the jury where the facts might warrant it. Therefore, the Court established a prospective rule that instructions will be given sua sponte. In the present case the defendant asked for an instruction on second-degree murder which the Supreme Court has held is necessarily included in all first-degree felony-murder cases. People v Dancer, 396 Mich. 802; 238 N.W.2d 29 (1976), a case essentially indistinguishable from the instant case, the Supreme Court stated:
"[I]t is ordered * * * that the case be remanded to the Wayne Circuit Court for entry of a judgment of conviction of the lesser included offense of second-degree murder and for resentencing. If the prosecuting attorney is persuaded that the ends of justice would better be served, upon notification to the trial court before resentencing, the trial court shall vacate the judgment and conviction and grant a new trial on the charge the defendant committed the crime of first-degree murder."
In view of the ruling in Dancer which we deem to be controlling, we remand to the Kent County Circuit Court for entry of a judgment of conviction of the lesser included offense of second-degree murder and for resentencing. If the prosecuting attorney is persuaded that the ends of justice would better be served, upon notification to the trial court before resentencing, the trial court shall vacate the judgment and conviction and grant a new trial on the charge that defendant committed the crime of first-degree murder.
Remanded.