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holding that it was not error for the trial court to exclude evidence of the defendant's acquittal because "[t]he fact that another jury harbored a reasonable doubt as to defendant's guilt of the other offense does not negate the substantive value of the testimony to establish identity, scheme, plan, etc. in the case at bar" and "[t]he issue should not be clouded" by the ultimate verdict of the first trial
Summary of this case from State v. JarmanOpinion
Docket No. 43721.
Decided July 1, 1980. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Brian Marzec, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
George C. Dovas, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant Clifton Bolden was convicted by a jury of two counts of criminal sexual conduct, second degree, MCL 750.520c; MSA 28.788(3), and one count of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 20 to 30 years on the armed robbery count and 10 to 15 years on one count of criminal sexual conduct. Defendant was not sentenced on the other criminal sexual conduct, second degree, count. He appeals by right.
As the trial began, defense counsel moved to suppress reference to the defendant's criminal record. The trial court denied the motion, permitting impeachment by use of the defendant's 1971 conviction of attempted receiving and concealing stolen property valued over $100, 1973 conviction of attempted breaking and entering a business place, and recent conviction of armed robbery.
The first witness to testify was the 69-year-old complainant who identified the defendant as the man who raped and robbed her at her home during daylight hours. Paula McCowan, who lived across the street from the victim, testified that she had seen a man walking back and forth on Rutland in front of the victim's home. She identified this man as the defendant.
Police Officer Paul Rehn conducted the lineups in this case. He testified that on September 13, 1977, the victim and Ms. McCowan each identified the defendant and also testified to the details of the lineup procedure.
Jean Brown testified as a similar act witness. She was 55 years old and was robbed and raped in her home on June 29, 1977. She identified the defendant as the perpetrator of that crime. The trial court excluded from evidence the fact that the defendant had been acquitted by a jury of all charges relating to the crimes against Ms. Brown.
The defendant testified in his own behalf. He denied ever having robbed or raped the victim or Ms. Brown. He denied being in the vicinity of the crime when it occurred and denied ever having seen either woman before he was arrested. He did not present an alibi. The defendant's sister, Betty Ann Gordon, testified to his physical appearance during the time period in question. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts.
Defendant first contends that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting impeachment with evidence of prior felony convictions. The prosecutor urged admission of the evidence of prior convictions since they involved crimes of dishonesty which were probative of defendant's credibility. The court then recognized its discretion on the record and indicated that it would allow interrogation on those offenses for the following reasons:
"The Court: All right.
"The Court is well aware of the law as recited by the Supreme Court of the State of Michigan in People versus Jackson.
"The Court would rule in this case that the probative nature of the offenses, the similarity of the violence involved, particularly as it relates to robbery armed, breaking and entering of a business place, and the fact that the attempt receiving and concealing is within a time scheme and a time sequence that is pertinent to this type of an offense. * * *"
The decision to admit or exclude evidence of the defendant's prior convictions for impeachment purposes should be based upon a careful balancing of the evaluative factors established by this Court in People v Crawford, 83 Mich. App. 35, 39; 268 N.W.2d 275 (1978). Although the trial judge need not make recorded findings on each, People v Roberson, 90 Mich. App. 196; 282 N.W.2d 280 (1979), affirmative misapplication has been held to require reversal. Crawford, supra.
A recent decision by the Supreme Court, People v Baldwin, 405 Mich. 550; 275 N.W.2d 253 (1979), affirms the principle that evidence of similar crimes should be admitted with great caution. The Baldwin Court reversed the convictions in two separate cases, based on the admission of evidence of prior convictions similar in nature to the charged offense. Baldwin was on trial for assault with intent to commit murder. The trial court allowed impeachment by reference to prior convictions for felonious assault and attempted armed robbery, noting that the similar assaultive nature of the offense was a factor in favor of their use. The Court held this was a misapplication of the standard adopted in People v Jackson, 391 Mich. 323; 217 N.W.2d 22 (1974), first developed in Luck v United States, 121 US App DC 151; 348 F.2d 763 (1965), and Gordon v United States, 127 US App DC 343; 383 F.2d 936 (1967). The Court explained:
"The error in these cases occurred because the trial judge weighed the nature of the prior offense (similarity) as a factor in favor of admissibility. Gordon, rather, makes similarity a factor weighing against admissibility:
"`A special and even more difficult problem arises when the prior conviction is for the same or substantially the same conduct for which the accused is on trial. Where multiple convictions of various kinds can be shown, strong reasons arise for excluding those which are for the same crime because of the inevitable pressure on lay jurors to believe that "if he did it before he probably did so this time." As a general guide, those convictions which are for the same crime should be admitted sparingly; one solution might well be that discretion be exercised to limit the impeachment by way of a similar crime to a single conviction and then only when the circumstances indicate strong reasons for disclosure, and where the conviction directly relates to veracity.' 127 US App DC 347."
The trial court's reasoning in the instant case is identical to that condemned in Baldwin. The court's abuse of discretion in misapplying the standards governing admission of evidence of prior convictions constitutes reversible error.
For the first time on appeal, defendant claims error in the admission of the similar acts testimony of Jean Brown. We address this issue due to the substantial likelihood that the question will resurface at defendant's new trial. A careful examination of the record indicates that the similar acts testimony was properly admitted since defendant's identity was in issue and all other requirements for the admission of such evidence were satisfied. MCL 768.27; MSA 28.1050. The Supreme Court in People v Major, 407 Mich. 394, 398; 285 N.W.2d 660 (1979), clearly and succinctly set forth the guidelines for admission of similar acts evidence as follows:
"The evidential process by which similar acts evidence is properly introduced involves direct proof of three propositions from which a fourth is inferable and thus proved circumstantially. They are:
1) That the manner in which the criminal act in question or some significant aspect of it was performed bore certain distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics;
2) That certain specific similar acts, performed contemporaneously with or prior to or subsequently to the act in question, bore the same distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics;
3) That the similar acts were performed by the defendant; and
4) That, accordingly, the crime in question was committed by the defendant.
"It is the distinguishing characteristics which constitute the acts as similar within the meaning of MCL 768.27 and MRE 404(b), not the fact that all constitute the same crime or are violative of the same statute. The distinguishing, peculiar or special characteristics which are common to the acts and thus personalize them are said to be the defendant's `signature' which identifies him as the perpetrator, or, if his identity is not contested, negates the suggestion that his behavior in performing the challenged act was unintended, accidental, a mistake, or otherwise innocent."
A comparison of the similar acts evidence proffered here and the evidence of the complainant, Ms. Watson, reveals striking similarity. Both victims were older women who were assaulted in their own homes in the afternoon. In each case the assailant entered the home while the victim was outside. In each case, the assailant put his hand over the woman's mouth and threatened to kill her if she did not cooperate. Both women were taken forcibly into the bedroom, raped, and tied in the identical manner to the bedpost. The assailant searched both homes for money and jewelry. Thus, the prior act and the act in question bore the same special characteristics which tend to identify the defendant as the perpetrator.
Trial counsel conceded the admissibility of the similar acts testimony, but strongly objected to the trial court's refusal to allow cross-examination of the witness or to otherwise inform the jury regarding defendant's acquittal of the involved charges. The people rely on People v Oliphant, 399 Mich. 472; 250 N.W.2d 443 (1976), in support of the proposition that defendant's acquittal on charges arising out of the prior incidents does not bar admission of the testimony. In an earlier case involving this same defendant and charged offenses, People v Bolden, 92 Mich. App. 421; 285 N.W.2d 210 (1979), another panel of this Court approved the admission of similar acts testimony identical to that challenged here. The critical distinction between Oliphant, Bolden I and the instant case is that in the former trials, the jury was aware of the defendant's acquittal. The Bolden I Court made the following observation concerning the similar acts testimony and defendant's acquittal on the involved charges:
"The admission of the testimony concerning prior bad acts or criminal convictions of a defendant will always have some prejudicial effect. However, in the present case, this effect was minimized, as the jury was made aware that defendant had been acquitted of the prior sexual assaults. The jury's verdict, acquitting defendant of the criminal sexual conduct charges, is further proof of the evidence's minimal prejudicial effect." 92 Mich. App. 421, 425.
However, we find no authority for defendant's position that failure to apprise the jury of defendant's acquittal on the similar acts charges constitutes error. The trial court in the instant case heard arguments from both counsel out of the jury's presence and concluded that earlier verdicts were irrelevant and immaterial and would only cause juror speculation regarding the earlier trial totally unrelated to the limited purpose for which the testimony was offered in the present circumstance.
The Oliphant Court, in explaining the rationale for admitting similar acts testimony despite acquittal on the involved charges, stated:
"Offering evidence of a prior crime, for which defendant has been acquitted, to a jury embarked on a distinct inquiry, as here, does not involve asking the second jury to convict defendant for the prior crime. It does not involve the second jury contradicting the first jury, since the first jury did not find that defendant did not commit the crime, only that the people had not proved that he had beyond a reasonable doubt." 399 Mich. 472, 498 fn 14. (Emphasis supplied.)
People v Atkins, 96 Mich. App. 672; 293 N.W.2d 671 (1980), should not be read, as the dissent suggests, as being directly contradictory to People v Oliphant, 399 Mich. 472; 250 N.W.2d 443(1976). The Atkins Court analyzed all factors for admission of the similar acts evidence and found no error in the trial court's decision to exclude it. Not only was defendant acquitted of the prior acts, but there were no distinguishing characteristics illustrating a "trademark" of the defendant. Finally, the trial court found that, in the balance, the similar acts evidence was more prejudicial than probative.
Accord, People v Johnston, 328 Mich. 213, 226-227; 43 N.W.2d 334 (1950).
We find this reasoning equally applicable to our consideration. The prosecutor must produce evidence sufficient to show that defendant "probably committed the other acts", People v Cook, 95 Mich. App. 645; 291 N.W.2d 152 (1980). If he or she can satisfy that burden, the jury should not be confused by the additional information of an acquittal which could mislead them into believing that the defendant absolutely did not commit the prior similar acts. The fact that another jury harbored a reasonable doubt as to defendant's guilt of the other offense does not negate the substantive value of the testimony to establish identity, scheme, plan, etc. in the case at bar. The issue should not be clouded by encouraging speculation regarding the verdict reached in a separate trial on a separate offense involving a different complainant. Defendant's rights were sufficiently protected by the trial court's limiting instructions concerning the purpose of similar acts testimony. In addition to clearly setting forth the narrow consideration to be given to this evidence the court cautioned the jury not to regard it as proof of defendant's criminal disposition or guilt of other improper conduct.
Furthermore, the prejudicial impact of similar acts testimony is not necessarily diminished when the jury is informed of defendant's acquittal of the alleged offense; rather, the manner in which such evidence is presented is highly determinative of the potential for jury misuse. In People v Corbeil, 77 Mich. App. 691, 696-697; 259 N.W.2d 193 (1977), the trial court, in its charge to the jury, informed them of defendant's acquittal on the charges which formed the basis of the similar acts testimony. This Court, nevertheless, viewed the evidence as more prejudicial than probative:
"Moreover, the informants' testimony meandered to and fro between the events of the 21st and those of the 30th, blurring the depictions of each into a vague pattern of alleged misdeeds by the defendant. As a result, the possibility is great that the jury based its findings on a belief in the defendant's guilt of the earlier transaction, rather than on that of the January 30th occurrence."
Based on the foregoing analysis, we are inclined to agree with the trial court's ruling that earlier verdicts pertaining to the similar acts evidence are irrelevant and immaterial. We find no error in the trial court's decision to exclude this information.
We find no error on the final issue raised by defendant with respect to an error in sentencing. The Supreme Court recently decided that 1974 PA 266, which created the criminal sexual conduct statutes, MCL 750.250a et seq.; MSA 28.788(1) et seq., does not support multiple convictions for the same sexual conduct based on varying aggravating circumstances. People v Willie Johnson, 406 Mich. 320; 279 N.W.2d 534 (1979).
Reversed.
N.J. LAMBROS, J., concurred.
I agree with the majority that reversal is required under the principles set forth in People v Baldwin, 405 Mich. 550; 275 N.W.2d 253 (1979). But I disagree that upon retrial testimony of defendant's acquittal on the charges introduced as similar acts cannot be offered into evidence. Rather, my position would fall somewhere between the majority opinion and the opinion expressed in the recent decision of a panel of this Court in People v Atkins, 96 Mich. App. 672; 293 N.W.2d 671 (1980).
In People v Atkins, supra, it was held that dismissal of charges and a directed verdict of acquittal as to alleged similar acts precluded the prosecution from using evidence of those similar acts against defendant in a subsequent criminal trial. I disagree with this holding because it is in direct contradiction to the Michigan Supreme Court's decision in People v Oliphant, 399 Mich. 472, 498, fn 14; 250 N.W.2d 443 (1976), and People v Johnston, 328 Mich. 213, 227; 43 N.W.2d 334 (1950). Evidence of similar acts need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Allen, 351 Mich. 535, 547; 88 N.W.2d 433 (1958), People v Duncan, 402 Mich. 1, 13-14; 260 N.W.2d 58 (1977). Hence, failure to convict defendant of the similar act on a prior occasion does not preclude introduction of evidence of that similar act at a subsequent trial.
At the same time, I cannot agree with the majority that "earlier verdicts pertaining to similar acts evidence is irrelevant and immaterial". In establishing the similar acts of the defendant, the prosecutor must "* * * show that the defendant probably committed the other acts, or that the evidence offered `may tend to show' the defendant's intent or common scheme in committing the charged offense." (Emphasis supplied.) In short, while the proof need not be beyond a reasonable doubt, there must be "substantial evidence indicating that the defendant committed the other acts". People v Cook, 95 Mich. App. 645, 655-656; 291 N.W.2d 152 (1980), People v Davis, 343 Mich. 348; 72 N.W.2d 269 (1955). To the extent that a prior acquittal of the alleged similar act of the defendant reflects on the accuracy of the charge that defendant committed that act, then the defendant should be entitled to show that another jury determined that he did not commit the similar act.
I appreciate the validity of the rationale of the majority that withholding from the jury information of defendant's acquittal for the similar acts avoids speculation "regarding the earlier trial". However, because of the inherently prejudicial nature of similar acts evidence, I strongly believe that the defendant should have every opportunity for minimizing the impact of that evidence so long as it is relevant. In this regard, I consider evidence of defendant's acquittal as relevant. His acquittal of the similar acts charges has a strong tendency to make more probable the fact that he did not actually commit those alleged similar acts, than it would be if that evidence had not been admitted. MRE 401.
On retrial, evidence that defendant had been tried and acquitted of the similar acts should be admitted upon request.