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interpreting state law as giving the trial judge discretion to allow the prosecution to file a late notice of rebuttal after the trial has commenced
Summary of this case from Countryman v. BurtonOpinion
Docket No. 93313.
Decided June 8, 1988.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of the Criminal Division, Research, Training and Appeals, and Joseph A. Puleo, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Charles P. Reisman, for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted of assault with intent to rob while armed, MCL 750.89; MSA 28.284, and assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279. He was sentenced to ten to fifteen years and five to ten years respectively on the convictions, the sentences to run concurrently. Defendant appeals as of right. We affirm defendant's convictions.
Witnesses for the prosecution testified at trial that defendant attacked and beat the victim, a seven-month-pregnant woman, with a baseball bat while she was walking home from grocery shopping on the evening of January 9, 1986. As the victim lay on the ground, defendant demanded the victim's money. Hearing the victim's screams, one of the witnesses interceded and chased defendant away. Defendant presented alibi witnesses who testified that defendant was at his sister's home on the evening of January 9, 1986. The alibi witnesses stated they remembered the date because the gas had been cut off at the sister's home at 3:00 P.M. that day, and defendant and other members of the family were there all afternoon and evening till about 9:00 or 9:30 P.M. trying to get the gas back on.
Defendant claims that the trial court erred in allowing a gas company employee to testify in rebuttal to defendant's alibi defense because the witness was not listed on the rebuttal witness list within the prescribed time before trial. MCL 768.20(2); MSA 28.1043(2), MCL 768.21(2); MSA 28.1044(2).
The legislative intent behind the enactment of the rebuttal-of-alibi notice requirement was to prevent surprise at trial. People v Terry Alexander, 82 Mich. App. 621, 627; 267 N.W.2d 466 (1978), lv den 406 Mich. 936 (1979). However, that was based upon "a system of liberal discovery which gives both parties the maximum possible amount of information with which to prepare their cases and thereby reduce the possibility of surprise at trial." Wardius v Oregon, 412 U.S. 470, 473; 93 S Ct 2208, 2211; 37 L Ed 2d 82, 87 (1973). Failure to comply with the statutory notice requirements mandates exclusion of the proffered evidence. Id.
MCL 768.21(2); MSA 28.1044(2), which requires the court to exclude rebuttal evidence for failure to file the required notice of rebuttal, applies to both §§ 20 and 20a of the statute. Sections 20(2) and 20a(7) clearly provide that the notice of rebuttal can be filed "at such other time as the court directs." This phrase has been interpreted as giving the trial judge discretion to allow the prosecution to file a late notice of rebuttal even though the trial has commenced. People v Stinson, 113 Mich. App. 719, 724-725; 318 N.W.2d 513 (1982); People v Williams, 107 Mich. App. 798, 800-801; 310 N.W.2d 246 (1981); People v Coulter, 94 Mich. App. 531, 535; 288 N.W.2d 448 (1980); People v Fisher, 87 Mich. App. 350, 355; 274 N.W.2d 788 (1978). Any other interpretation of the statute would render the phrase "at such other time as the court directs" meaningless. Stinson, supra at 725. We agree with Judge ALLEN'S dissent in People v Wilson, 90 Mich. App. 317, 323; 282 N.W.2d 2 (1979), lv den 407 Mich. 947 (1979).
We disagree that the trial court clearly erred in finding due diligence pursuant to MCL 768.20(3); MSA 28.1043(3) by the prosecution in obtaining the name of the rebuttal alibi witness. The trial court's finding of due diligence will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. People v Smith, 152 Mich. App. 756, 762; 394 N.W.2d 94 (1986). "Due diligence is defined as doing everything reasonable, not everything possible." People v LeFlore (After Remand), 122 Mich. App. 314, 319; 333 N.W.2d 47 (1983).
Defendant's alibi witnesses were apparently uncooperative and refused to give statements to the officer in charge prior to trial. The prosecution was unable to learn about the gas shut-off until the alibi witnesses testified at trial. Therefore, the prosecution could not have known about the gas company rebuttal witness and provided notice until that time. See, e.g., People v Diaz, 98 Mich. App. 675; 296 N.W.2d 337 (1980). After arguments on the matter, defense counsel stated: "Having thought the matter out, if the prosecutor wants to check with the gas company as to when the gas was cut off, I don't have any objection if she wants to do that, if the court feels it's worth the time." Under these circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the prosecution to give notice and call the gas company employee as a rebuttal alibi witness after trial had commenced.
We further hold that the evidence by the rebuttal witness as to the date of the gas shut-off was directly relevant to a substantial issue in the case and was properly admitted by the trial court. The decision to admit evidence in rebuttal rests within the trial court's discretion. If the evidence is improperly admitted during rebuttal, reversal is required only if the error was so egregious as to result in a miscarriage of justice. People v Hubbard, 159 Mich. App. 321, 327; 406 N.W.2d 287 (1987). Facts directly relevant to the substantive issues in the case are not considered to be collateral. People v Rosen, 136 Mich. App. 745, 759; 358 N.W.2d 584 (1984), lv den 422 Mich. 924 (1985).
Defendant had raised the issue of his whereabouts on the date in question. As this went to the absolute ability of the defendant to commit the crime, it is not a collateral matter and the prosecutor could call witnesses to disprove defendant's alibi. Further, the evidence tended to disprove the exact testimony given by the alibi witnesses. See People v McGillen #1, 392 Mich. 251; 220 N.W.2d 677 (1974); People v Etchison, 123 Mich. App. 448, 451; 333 N.W.2d 309 (1983), lv den 417 Mich. 1100.14 (1983). The trial court did not commit error in allowing the gas company employee to testify as to the date of the gas shut-off.
Finally, we hold that the trial court did not commit clear error in permitting the prosecutor to endorse Diedre Griffen as a res gestae witness subsequent to the final conference memorandum. MCL 767.40; MSA 28.980. Defendant was given the opportunity to interview Ms. Griffen prior to trial and did, in fact, interview her. Therefore we do not believe that defendant is justified in claiming "surprise" in this case.
Affirmed.