Summary
In People v Arteberry, 154 Mich. App. 1; 397 N.W.2d 198 (1986), lv gtd 428 Mich. 857 (1987) (leave limited to the issue of whether to apply the rule of Ybarra), our Court, following Ybarra, held that, unless a search of a particularly described person is expressly authorized by a warrant, a full search of a person present on the premises subject to a warrant may not be based upon the warrant.
Summary of this case from People v. StewartOpinion
Docket No. 79424.
Decided August 18, 1986. Leave to appeal granted, 428 Mich. 857.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and Rosemary A. Gordon, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Bernard Adams, Jr., for defendant.
Defendant was charged with possession of heroin with intent to deliver, MCL 333.7401; MSA 14.15(7401). Detroit police officers had obtained a warrant to search a residence after a surveillance and controlled buy of heroin was made at the house. Seven persons, including the defendant, were present when the house was searched. All seven were subjected to a Terry patdown search for weapons. During the subsequent search of the premises for drugs, the officers discovered a padlocked toolbox, which they forced open. Inside they discovered drugs and money. The police then searched those present for the key to the padlock. They discovered the key in defendant's pocket. At the preliminary examination, the trial judge ruled that the search warrant did not extend to the search of defendant's person and use of the key as evidence was suppressed. Since the key was a crucial link, this resulted in the case being dismissed. The prosecutor now appeals by leave granted.
Terry v Ohio, 392 U.S. 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968).
The prosecutor's argument that the search of defendant's person was authorized by the warrant is not well-taken. Defendant had challenged the search of his pockets for the key to the box. In attempting to justify this search, the prosecutor argues that the search of defendant's person was authorized by the warrant. We disagree, as the only person described in the warrant is someone other than the defendant. The relevant portions of the warrant are as follows:
THEREFORE, IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, I command that you search the following described place: The entire premises of the address known as 3151 Leland. . . .
ALSO THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBED SUSPECTED SELLER: "Doug"; black male, 50 years old, 5'10", 250 lbs, large afro hair style, light complexion, mustache, and slight beard
and to seize, secure, tabulate and make return according to the law the following property and things:
Heroin and all other controlled substances, proofs of residency and/or control [sic] of the premises, all articles utilized in the sale, use, manufacturing or distribution of controlled substances, pre-recorded monies used in the purchase from the premises.
The prosecutor, however, urges us to find that the warrant authorized the search of defendant's person because, once the locked toolbox was found and opened, the pockets of the seven persons became containers which were included in the warrant's authority to search "the entire premises" and "seize . . . articles utilized in the sale, use, manufacturing or distribution of controlled substances." We decline to make such a finding.
In Ybarra v Illinois, 444 U.S. 85, 91; 100 S Ct 338; 62 L Ed 2d 238 (1979), the Supreme Court said:
The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the "legitimate expectations of privacy" of persons, not places. See Rakas v Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 138-143, 148-149; 99 S Ct 421; 58 L Ed 2d 387 (1978); Katz v United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351-352; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967).
In the present case, allowing the search of the persons present on the premises who were not named in the warrant on the basis that their presence made them containers of the evidence would erode the constitutional right to the reasonable expectation of personal privacy guaranteed by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Ybarra, supra; People v Burbank, 137 Mich. App. 266; 358 N.W.2d 348 (1984), lv den 419 Mich. 917 (1984), cert den ___ US ___; 105 S Ct 962; 83 L Ed 2d 967 (1985). Therefore, we hold that unless a search of a particularly described person is expressly authorized by a warrant, a full search of a person present on the premises subject to a warrant may not be based upon the warrant. To rule otherwise would invite the argument in future cases that the search of persons present on premises subject to a warrant is justified in every case where the contraband in question is small enough to be secreted on the person, since it could be argued that the person's pockets and clothing were containers of evidence subject to the warrant. Mere propinquity of a person to other persons or things on premises subject to a warrant cannot be the basis for denying the reasonable expectation of personal privacy. Therefore, we find that the lower court did not err in holding that the search of defendant's pockets was not within the parameters of the search warrant in this case.
Affirmed.