Summary
rejecting challenge to the admissibility of preliminary examination testimony on hearsay and constitutional grounds
Summary of this case from Wilkins v. HortonOpinion
No. 203740.
Submitted September 1, 1998, at Detroit.
Decided February 2, 1999 at 9:20 a.m.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and Janet A. Napp, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Orlans, Sherbow Mitchel (by William Mitchell, III), for the defendant.
Before: HOLBROOK, JR., P.J., and MARKEY and WHITBECK, JJ.
The Prosecution appeals by right the trial court's order dismissing the charges of assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f; MSA 28.421(6), and fourth habitual offender, MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084, because the complaining witness left the courthouse before testifying at trial and the trial court determined that she was not unavailable pursuant to MRE 804(a)(2). We reverse.
Complainant appeared for the preliminary examination but was reluctant to testify should the exam be postponed again in the event that defense counsel failed to show. Apparently, after a prior preliminary examination date was adjourned and rescheduled, complainant was shot at by defendant's new girlfriend's mother. The district court asked defendant about this shooting, and he denied any knowledge. The court told defendant to alert his friends and family that they must leave complainant alone or pay the consequences. Once defense counsel appeared in court, complainant took the stand and testified at the preliminary examination that defendant was her ex-boyfriend and the two of them were involved in an altercation on April 27, 1996. She testified under direct and cross-examination that defendant choked her while she was lying on her couch, chased her when she got away from him, and shot at her four times with a twelve-gauge shotgun as he chased her around the house. Pellets from two of the shots hit her, first in her wrist, then in her neck and breast. At the preliminary examination, the court understood that the complainant was very reluctant and fearful about testifying due to some threats, but complainant did testify. At the conclusion of the preliminary examination, the district court bound defendant over for trial.
The complainant testified that she told defendant he had shot her in the wrist, but he responded with "so what" and fired another shotgun blast that struck her in the neck and breast.
Defendant does not challenge the fact that someone shot at complainant before she testified at the preliminary examination or that the event made the complainant feel threatened before trial began.
The complainant appeared at court on the day of trial to testify against defendant, but she abruptly left without warning or notice before proceedings began. Plaintiff's counsel informed the court that he had met with complainant that morning and that she was nervous about testifying, but she gave no indication before trial that she was going to leave. Although the trial court gave plaintiff approximately two hours to locate the complainant, plaintiff's search was unsuccessful. Plaintiff then asked the court to declare the complainant unavailable and to admit into evidence her preliminary examination testimony pursuant to MRE 804(b)(1) or to adjourn the trial for a day or two so they could locate the complainant.
The assistant prosecuting attorney in the case informed the court that he met with the complainant the morning of trial. She reviewed her preliminary exam transcript, and he spoke to her. The prosecutor observed that the complainant was "very nervous about being here, and when I asked her why, she said that she had been shot at by the family of the defendant and that she didn't want to be here and that she was very upset and nervous." She also asked the prosecutor whether she would have to testify, and he told her yes, it would be necessary for her to do so. The court stated that it was unsure whether "she is persisting in refusing to testify. If you say she was here this morning, then apparently she's ready, able and willing to testify." The prosecutor also spoke with the victim's advocate at the court, and she had the same experiences and impressions from speaking with the complainant that morning.
The trial court stated that, having reviewed the complainant's prior testimony, it found that the complainant was willing to testify at the preliminary exam despite her fears and any threats she may have received. The court was therefore unconvinced that complainant was refusing to testify and that she may have simply changed her mind about pursuing the charges:
And again I think probably because she had minimal injuries in this case [i.e., a few of the shotgun pellets hit her in the neck, wrist and breast, and she was only hospitalized for a day], maybe she really doesn't want to prosecute the matter and left for that reason. I don't know. And if there were some real serious injuries, I might go ahead and use the transcript or postpone the matter. [Emphasis added.]
The record reveals that complainant escaped the brunt of the multiple shotgun blasts aimed at her while she attempted to flee from defendant, but the shotgun pellets that hit and lodged in her neck and breast could not be removed surgically. Rather, the pellets would have to work their way out of her body on their own.
The record reveals that complainant escaped the brunt of the multiple shotgun blasts aimed at her while she attempted to flee from defendant, but the shotgun pellets that hit and lodged in her neck and breast could not be removed surgically. Rather, the pellets would have to work their way out of her body on their own.
The court also noted that defendant had been in custody for almost six months on these charges, so it granted defendant's motion to dismiss without prejudice, thereby allowing plaintiff to reinstate the charges at a later date.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding the complainant's preliminary examination testimony from evidence. We agree.
We review the trial court's decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v. Briseno, 211 Mich. App. 11, 14; 535 N.W.2d 559 (1995). MRE 804(a)(2) states that a witness is "unavailable" where the declarant "persists in refusing to testify concerning the subject matter of the declarant's statement despite an order of the court to do so." MRE 804(b)(1) further states that where the declarant is unavailable as a witness, the hearsay rule does not exclude
"[t]estimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or a different proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is now offered, or, in a civil action or proceeding, a predecessor in interest, had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination."
Recently, in People v. Meredith, 459 Mich. 62, 63, 65-66; ___ N.W.2d ___ (Docket No. 111977, issued December 9, 1998), slip op. at 1, 3-5, our Supreme Court held that a witness in a drug conspiracy case who asserted her Fifth Amendment right to silence at trial was an "unavailable" witness, and her preliminary examination testimony was admissible at trial. The Supreme Court found that although invocation of the Fifth Amendment is not expressly mentioned under the five categories of "unavailability" set forth in MRE 804(a), "it is of the same character as the other situations outlined in the subrule. Further, while unavailability is a term of art under MRE 804(a), it also bears a close nexus to the ordinary meaning of the word." Id. at 4 (emphasis added).
Once it determined that the witness was unavailable, our Supreme Court further explained that the defendants in Meredith had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the witness's testimony through cross-examination, as required under MRE 804(b)(1). It is also necessary to establish that preliminary examination testimony of an unavailable witness bears satisfactory indicia of reliability, per People v. Bean, 457 Mich. 677, 682-683; 580 N.W.2d 390 (1998), and People v. Dye, 431 Mich. 58, 93; 427 N.W.2d 501 (1988). Meredith, supra at 7. Upon finding that MRE 804(b)(1) is a firmly-rooted hearsay exception, our Supreme Court held that the witness' prior testimony bore a satisfactory indicia of reliability, thereby satisfying the federal and state Confrontation Clauses and supporting the admission of the preliminary examination testimony at trial. Id. at 6-10.
Here, we also find that while a complainant's eleventh-hour decision to leave the courthouse rather than testify at trial is not expressly addressed under MRE 804(a), it is also of the same character as other situations outlined in that rule of evidence. Id. at 4. Although neither this Court nor the trial court has a statement or affidavit from the complainant explaining why she left the courthouse, her absence coupled with the type of crimes with which defendant was charged and her statements at the preliminary examination regarding the threats to her by others connected to defendant paint a fairly vivid picture. They do not, as the trial court surmised, equally support the conclusion that she wanted to "drop the charges." We are cognizant that all too often, the victims of domestic assault and abuse are fearful and reluctant to assist in the prosecution of their assailants, often as a result of a defendant's and/or his family's intimidation tactics or out of fear of future reprisals. These fears are too often justified. We cannot simply conclude that complainant's last minute decision to silently leave the courthouse was motivated by her belief that defendant would not be prosecuted without her testimony or that by leaving she would not face his wrath in the future. To the contrary, our experience in these matters makes us more likely to believe that her departure was motivated by self-preservation rather than a change of heart.
The complainant's abrupt departure, without a word to the prosecuting attorney, and her evasion from detection thereafter also made her unavailable under the "ordinary meaning of the word." Id. When someone is not available, that person is not "at hand," "readily obtainable; accessible," or "free or ready to be seen, spoken to." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1992), p. 94. In light of the totality of the circumstances surrounding this case and the decision in Meredith, supra, we conclude that the complainant was "unavailable" for purposes of MRE 804(a)(2).
Because plaintiff procured the complainant's presence on the day of trial by means of a subpoena but she left before testifying, we do not conclude that plaintiff must establish her unavailability under MRE 804(a)(5), which requires that the witness be "absent from the hearing and the proponent of a statement has been unable to procure the declarant's attendance . . . by process or other reasonable means, and in a criminal case, due diligence is shown." We can find no cases, and the parties present none, where the due diligence requirement has been applied to witnesses who appear to testify and then disappear before testifying. See People v. James, ( After Remand), 192 Mich. App. 568, 571-573; 481 N.W.2d 715 (1992) (efforts made on the eve of trial to secure the presence of a witness who testified at the preliminary exam over three years prior to trial were not sufficiently reasonable to satisfy the due diligence standard).
We also note that because complainant initially appeared at the courthouse on the day of trial pursuant to a subpoena, her departure constituted refusal to testify "despite anorder of the court to do so" (emphasis added). MRE 804(a)(2).
In light of her unavailability, MRE 804(b)(1) permits the trial court to admit into evidence her former testimony from the preliminary examination because defense counsel had an opportunity and similar motivation to develop her testimony on cross-examination. Id. at 5-6. We also believe that use of the preliminary examination testimony does not violate defendant's constitutional right to confront prosecutorial witnesses, U.S. Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. Because MRE 804(b)(1) is a hearsay exception firmly rooted in American jurisprudence, the Confrontation Clause is satisfied when complainant's prior testimony is admitted because that testimony bears a satisfactory indicia of reliability, without more. Id. at 6-10.
Accordingly, we find that the trial court abused its discretion in denying plaintiff's motion to admit into evidence the unavailable complainant's preliminary examination testimony and in dismissing the case without prejudice. In light of our finding, we need not reach plaintiff's other issue raised on appeal.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.