Summary
In Pantazis v. Fidelity Deposit Co. of Maryland, 369 Pa. 221, 85 A.2d 421 (1952), the plaintiff, individually and as administratrix of her deceased husband's estate, brought an action alleging wrongful death and survival claims for damages arising from the death of her husband in an automobile accident.
Summary of this case from Schuster v. ReevesOpinion
November 16, 1951.
January 7, 1952.
Bonds — Appeal bonds — Unsuccessful appeal — Judgment creditor — Right to sue on bond.
1. In this suit upon the appeal bond of a corporate surety instituted by the judgment creditor following an unsuccessful appeal to the Supreme Court, it was Held, in the circumstances, that plaintiff was entitled to judgment on the pleadings and that the court below had erred in holding the motion for judgment in abeyance pending the determination of certain proceedings in the orphans' court. [223-8] Practice — Wrongful death — Separate actions — Death action — Survival action — Damages — Surviving spouse — Release of death action — Effect.
2. Where a death is caused because of the negligence of a defendant, two actions may be brought against the tortfeasor after the death, viz.: (1) a "death action" which under statute is for the benefit of enumerated relatives, measured by the pecuniary loss occasioned to them and (2) a "survival action", a right which continues after death in the deceased's personal representatives. [224-5]
3. The damages recoverable in a "survival action" are measured by the pecuniary loss to decedent and accrue to his estate. [224-5]
4. A widow who is administratrix of her husband's estate has no authority, as fiduciary, to release the tortfeasor who caused the death from his liability to the estate, without leave of the orphans' court, upon proper cause shown. [226]
5. Where a tortfeasor causes the death of a spouse and the surviving spouse executes a release of his individual right in the death action, such release does not constitute in the survival action a release and assignment of his distributive share under the intestate law in the deceased spouse's estate. [226]
6. Where a final judgment has been entered against a tortfeasor in a survival action for wrongful death, neither the tortfeasor nor his corporate indemnitor insurance carrier nor his corporate appeal surety has any status to supervise or intermeddle with the distribution of the proceeds from the judgment. [226-7]
Judgments — Res judicata.
7. When a court of competent jurisdiction has determined a litigated cause on its merits, the judgment entered, until reversed, is, forever and under all circumstances, final and conclusive as between the parties to the suit and their privies, in respect to every fact which might properly be considered in reaching a judicial determination of the controversy, and in respect to all points of law there adjudged, as those points relate directly to the cause of action in litigation and affect the fund or other subject-matter then before the court. [225-6]
Before DREW, C. J., STERN, STEARNE, BELL, LADNER and CHIDSEY, JJ.
Appeal, No. 53, Jan. T., 1952, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County, Nov. T., 1950, No. 111, in case of Frances Pantazis, Admrx., Estate of James Pantazis v. Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland. Order reversed.
Proceeding upon motion of plaintiff for judgment on the pleadings in action of assumpsit.
Order entered holding motion in abeyance until determination of orphans' court proceedings, opinion by BARTHOLD, P.J. Plaintiff appealed.
A. Albert Gross, with him Frances H. S. Ede and Gross, McGiffert Herster, for appellant.
Herbert Fishbone, with him Calvin F. Smith and Smith, Paff, VanSickle and Fishbone, for appellee.
The appeal is from an order of the court of common pleas of Northampton County decreeing that in a suit upon the appeal bond of a corporate surety, a motion for judgment on the pleadings should be held in abeyance pending the determination of proceedings in the orphans' court.
Frances Pantazis, individually and as administratrix, instituted an action in trespass against Edward Follweiler for damages growing out of an automobile accident involving the death of her husband. Plaintiff's claim as widow was in a "death action", whereas her claim as administratrix was a "survival action." An examination of the record discloses that upon trial plaintiff in the death action suffered a voluntary non-suit. "Individually and as widow", she had released the defendant Edward Follweiler (the owner of the car), Robert Follweiler, its operator, and also the State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, the indemnity insurance carrier of the defendant. The named consideration was $1,500. The trial proceeded in the survival action, with plaintiff as administratrix. The jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff-administratrix for $7,280. The court refused defendant's motion for judgment n.o.v. Defendant appealed to this Court. The Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland (the present defendant) with defendant in such tort action, filed an appeal bond in usual form, in the penal sum of $15,000. The surety company obligated itself to pay the judgment, interest and costs, should the principal (the defendant in the appealed action) fail to "prosecute the appeal with effect." This Court, in a per curiam opinion, reported in 364 Pa. 553, 73 A.2d 410, affirmed the judgment. As the judgment debtor did not pay the judgment, the plaintiff-administratrix then instituted the present suit against the surety company on the appeal bond. An answer with new matter was filed by the defendant to the complaint (hereafter discussed). A motion was made by plaintiff for judgment on the pleadings. The court below decreed that action on the motion should be suspended and held in abeyance pending proceedings instituted by the judgment debtor and his indemnity company in the tort case before the orphans' court having jurisdiction over the settlement and distribution of the estate of plaintiff's deceased husband. This appeal followed.
The extraordinary obstructive tactics of the judgment debtor and his appeal surety in their effort to avoid paying the judgment, in our opinion, are entirely unjustified and are without merit.
At the outset, where a death is caused because of the negligence of a defendant, two actions may be brought against the tortfeasor after the death, viz.: (1) a "death action" which under statute is for the benefit of enumerated relatives, measured by the pecuniary loss occasioned to them and (2) a "survival action", a right which continues after death in the deceased's personal representatives. The damages recoverable in this suit are measured by the pecuniary loss to decedent and therefore accrue to his estate. Whatever is recovered forms part of deceased's estate. These principles are discussed at length in Pezzulli, Admr., v. D'Ambrosia, 344 Pa. 643, 26 A.2d 659 and Siidekum, Admr., v. Animal Rescue League of Pittsburgh (et al.), 353 Pa. 408, 45 A.2d 59.
The actions for "wrongful death" and "survival" were tried together. This was proper. Under Rule 213 (e) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure, it is provided: "A cause of action for the wrongful death of a decedent and a cause of action for his injuries which survives his death may be enforced in one action but if independent actions are commenced they shall be consolidated for trial."
It would appear from this complicated record that the obvious reason for this unusual and unnecessarily prolonged procedure is the effort of Edward Follweiler, the tort defendant, and his sureties (the indemnitor corporation in the tort action and the surety corporation on the appeal bond) to evade liability because Frances Pantazis in the death action received a valuable consideration and executed a release. Plaintiff, in one of the many proceedings in this case, entered into a written stipulation, wherein she admitted that she was the sole heir of her deceased husband and represented that there were no debts in the estate. It is now belatedly contended that plaintiff by her release not only released any interest she possessed in the death action but also released and assigned her distributive share in her husband's estate, involved in the survival action. This contention is spurious. Our examination of the tort record discloses that defendant, by his answer to plaintiff's claim, made the release an issue in that case. The judgment therefore became conclusive concerning the effect of such release in the survival action. In Wallace's Estate, 316 Pa. 148, 153, 174 A. 397, we said: "Broadly stated, the rule of res judicata is that when a court of competent jurisdiction has determined a litigated cause on its merits, the judgment entered, until reversed, is, forever and under all circumstances, final and conclusive as between the parties to the suit and their privies, in respect to every fact which might properly be considered in reaching a judicial determination of the controversy, and in respect to all points of law there adjudged, as those points relate directly to the cause of action in litigation and affect the fund or other subject-matter then before the court." All that plaintiff released was her claim as an individual in the death action. As administratrix of her husband's estate, she lacked authority, as fiduciary, to release her deceased husband's estate. To do so required leave of the orphans' court, upon proper cause shown. Furthermore, she could not effectively stipulate, as fiduciary in her husband's estate, that there were no debts or taxes due. Only an audit and adjudication could determine that. Nor can plaintiff's release in the death action of her individual rights be regarded in the survival action as a release and assignment of her distributive share under the intestate laws in her deceased husband's estate. What the plaintiff receives in distribution in settlement of her husband's estate is what the law directs shall be paid to her as her distributive share. The situation is analogous to that of an heir excluded by will, and an intestacy thereafter results in another part of the will. In such circumstances the excluded heir nevertheless takes the intestate portion not under the will but under the law: Thistle's Estate, 263 Pa. 60, 106 A. 94; Gibbons's Estate, 317 Pa. 465, 177 A. 50; Verner Estate, 358 Pa. 280, 56 A.2d 667.
What counsel for the original defendant, his corporate indemnitor insurance carrier and his corporate appeal surety, appear to have overlooked is that neither the original defendant nor his indemnitor or appeal surety have the slightest status to supervise or intermeddle with the distribution of the proceeds from the judgment. It is a matter of judicial knowledge that corporate sureties on appeal to appellate courts, ordinarily require counter indemnity. The duty of sustaining the appeal, however, is the primary responsibility of the principal. It follows that if and when the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland is required to pay this judgment, it will then call upon the principal (defendant Edward Follweiler) to reimburse it. Should defendant reimburse his surety, he will look to his original indemnitor corporation, the State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, to reimburse him. Obviously such matters merely affect the defendant and his sureties. They do not in the slightest degree concern the judgment creditor. After payment of the judgment — whoever pays it — defendant and his sureties may then contest this question among themselves, should it prove necessary.
Without reciting all the "collateral" proceedings (most of which were decided adversely to defendant without appeal, or remain undecided), the only one which requires attention is the petition, citation and demurrer, which we assume was in the orphans' court of Northampton County. This proceeding (undecided) sought to require plaintiff-administratrix to increase the fidelity bond as administratrix from $100 to $14,560, which is double the amount of the $7,280 judgment.
There is merit in this application. When the plaintiff-administratrix was granted letters of administration by the register of wills, apparently there were then no known assets. A nominal fidelity bond of $100 was therefore filed. As the fiduciary is about to receive the amount of the judgment, she must enter an additional bond. This is for the protection of creditors, distributees and any interested party in the decedent's estate, including the Commonwealth. Should the plaintiff-administratrix neglect or refuse to so qualify herself by the entry of sufficient security in order to receive the fund, this may be enforced under sec. 324 of the Fiduciaries Act of April 18, 1949 P. L. 512, 20 PS 320, 324.
The order appealed from is reversed, and judgment is entered in favor of appellant, Frances Pantazis, administratrix of the estate of James Pantazis, deceased, and against appellee, Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland, in the amount of the original judgment, viz.: $7,280, with interest from the date of the verdict, April 22, 1949, with costs.