Summary
In Otero v Warnick, 241 Mich App 143, 153; 614 NW2d 177 (2000), this Court, relying on Maiden, observed that "[t]his quasi-judicial immunity applies even though defendant's examination was performed, and his opinion developed, out of court."
Summary of this case from Gavitt v. Estate of DevriesOpinion
Docket No. 210659.
Submitted January 19, 2000, at Detroit.
Decided May 12, 2000, at 9:25 a.m. Updated July 21, 2000.
Appeal from Wayne Circuit Court, Michigan, LC No. 97-730831-NO.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver Schwartz, P.C. (by Justin C. Ravitz and Patricia A. Stamler), for the plaintiff, Southfield.
Edward Ewell, Jr., Wayne County Corporation Counsel, and Ellen E. Mason, Assistant Corporation Counsel, for the defendant, Detroit.
Before: BANDSTRA, C.J., and HOLBROOK, Jr., and FITZGERALD, JJ.
In this gross negligence action, plaintiff Anthony Otero, a former suspect in a murder case, appeals as of right from the circuit court's order granting summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) in favor of defendant Allan J. Warnick, D.D.S., the chief forensic odontologist for the Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office. We affirm.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
In October 1994, Virginia Airasolo was sexually assaulted and murdered. Defendant performed an examination and concluded that wound pattern injuries on the body were consistent with human bite marks. Following plaintiff's arrest in connection with the murder, he consented to a search and allowed defendant to take impressions of his teeth and to review his dental records. In his written report to the Detroit Police Department, defendant opined that some of the bite marks on Airasolo's body matched plaintiff's dentition. A warrant was issued charging plaintiff with first-degree murder and felony murder, and he was arrested and incarcerated. During plaintiff's preliminary examination on December 13, 1994, defendant testified regarding his findings, suggesting that plaintiff was the only person in the world who could have inflicted the bite marks on Airasolo's body.
On January 30, 1995, the Detroit Police Crime Laboratory released a supplemental report that concluded that plaintiff was excluded as a possible source of DNA obtained from vaginal and rectal swabs taken from Airasolo's body. In April 1995, following the issuance of the favorable DNA report, plaintiff — who by that time had spent five months in jail — was released after posting a $60,000 cash bond. At about the same time plaintiff obtained his release from jail, defendant solicited a second opinion from forensic odontologist Richard Souviron of Dade County, Florida. Souviron issued a report concluding that, while the injury patterns on Airasolo's body were consistent with human bite marks, the details of the injuries were too indistinct to be used to include or exclude any suspect. As a result of this second opinion, the charges against plaintiff were dismissed. Plaintiff subsequently sued defendant, alleging gross negligence.
As a governmental employee, Warnick was immune from tort liability while engaged in governmental functions if he was acting, or reasonably believed he was acting, within the scope of his authority, unless his conduct amounted to gross negligence that was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury or damage. MCL 691.1407(2); MSA 3.996(107)(2). "Gross negligence" is "conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results." MCL 691.1407(2)(c); MSA 3.996(107)(2)(c).
Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8), arguing that he was entitled to absolute witness immunity; that, pursuant to the public-duty doctrine, he owed no duty to plaintiff; and that plaintiff's claim was barred by the statute of limitations. The circuit court granted the motion, concluding that the public-duty doctrine was applicable and that defendant, therefore, owed plaintiff no duty of care.
II. Standard of Review
This Court reviews decisions regarding motions for summary disposition de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. UAW-GM Human Resources Center v KSL Recreation Corp, 228 Mich. App. 486, 490; 579 N.W.2d 411 (1998). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone; all factual allegations in support of the claim are accepted as true, as well as any reasonable inferences or conclusions that can be drawn from the facts. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 119; 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999); Kuhn v Secretary of State, 228 Mich. App. 319, 324; 579 N.W.2d 101 (1998). The motion should be granted only when the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right of recovery. Maiden, supra at 119; Wade v Dep't of Corrections, 439 Mich. 158, 163; 483 N.W.2d 26 (1992); Kuhn, supra at 324. Similarly, under MCR 2.116(C)(7), summary disposition is proper if, even considering the complaint to be true, the claim is barred as a matter of law. Maiden, supra at 118-119.
III. Failure to State a Claim — Lack of Duty
An essential element of a negligence claim is the existence of a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff. Smith v Kowalski, 223 Mich. App. 610, 613; 567 N.W.2d 463 (1997). Whether a duty exists to protect a person from a reasonably foreseeable harm is a question of law for the court. Maiden, supra at 131; Murdock v Higgins, 454 Mich. 46, 53; 559 N.W.2d 639 (1997). Summary disposition of a negligence claim is properly granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) if it is determined that, as a matter of law, the defendant owed no duty to the plaintiff. Smith, supra at 613.
In granting summary disposition to defendant, the trial court applied the public-duty doctrine. See White v Beasley, 453 Mich. 308, 316; 552 N.W.2d 1 (1996); Reno v Chung, 220 Mich. App. 102, 105; 559 N.W.2d 308 (1996), aff'd sub nom Maiden, supra. We affirm the decision to grant defendant summary disposition, but on a different basis — the Supreme Court's 1999 decision in Maiden, supra.
A decision granting summary disposition may be affirmed on the basis of reasoning different from the reasoning employed by the trial court. Franchise Mgt Unlimited, Inc v America's Favorite Chicken, 221 Mich. App. 239, 251; 561 N.W.2d 123 (1997). We also note that the Supreme Court's decision in Maiden was not available at the time summary disposition was granted to defendant on March 10, 1998.
In Maiden, our Supreme Court consolidated the appeal in Maiden that was from an unpublished order of the Court of Appeals and the appeal from the Court of Appeals decision in Reno, supra, and affirmed this Court's decision in Reno that the plaintiff's claim failed as a matter of law because the defendant owed no duty to him. Maiden, supra at 113. However, our Supreme Court did not base its decision on the public-duty doctrine; rather, it looked to the statutory duties of a county medical examiner in determining that no duty was owed to the plaintiff murder suspect: "Because the Legislature has implicitly delineated the nature and scope of defendant's duties relative to criminal defendants, we need not determine whether an individual duty exists under the common law or whether the public duty doctrine of White v Beasley should be extended to the facts of this case." Id. at 130.
In determining that defendant Young A. Chung, M.D., a Wayne County assistant medical examiner, owed no duty to the plaintiff, Kenneth Reno, the Court relied on MCL 52.201 et seq.; MSA 5.953(1) et seq., the statutory provisions delineating the powers and duties of a county medical examiner:
The Court treated Chung as a county medical examiner in its analysis of the applicability of the statute, Maiden, supra at 130-132, although describing him as an "assistant medical examiner," id. at 116, a position not established or regulated by the statute.
Under our statutory scheme, a county medical examiner must investigate the cause of death in all cases of persons who meet a violent death. MCL 52.202; MSA 5.953(2). Further, a medical examiner "may be required to testify in behalf of the state in any matter arising as the result of any investigation required under this act, and shall testify in behalf of the state. . . ." MCL 52.212; MSA 5.953(12) (emphasis added). Accordingly, our Legislature has defined a medical examiner's duties. Nothing in the statutory scheme has created duties to a criminal defendant; instead, the duty is owed to the state. Defendant thus communicated her medical findings to the prosecutor in fulfilling her statutory duty to investigate cases of violent death and to testify as a state's witness regarding the results of her investigation. While an injury to a wrongly accused criminal defendant from erroneous findings is foreseeable, the express language of the statute requiring medical examiners to testify on behalf of the state militates against imposing any duty on defendant Chung to plaintiff as a consequence of her incompetent medical findings and testimony. [ Maiden, supra at 132.]
The position of county medical examiner is established and regulated by statute. See, e.g., MCL 52.201; MSA 5.953(1) (county medical examiners are appointed by county boards and must be licensed physicians). Plaintiff argues that because defendant is not a county medical examiner as defined by the statute, the protection afforded by Maiden is unavailable. We disagree.
The record is not clear regarding defendant's exact status beyond establishing that he worked in some capacity for the Wayne County Medical Examiner. The statute may (or may not) allow defendant, a nonphysician, to serve as a "deputy county medical examiner," compare MCL 52.201a; MSA 5.953(1a) with MCL 52.201c; MSA 5.953(1c), but there is no record evidence suggesting that he served in that capacity. Plaintiff argues that defendant was merely an independent contractor working for the county medical examiner. In any event, we read Maiden as applying to grant protection to defendant in whatever capacity he provided assistance to the county medical examiner.
Plaintiff would have us read Maiden narrowly, and thus limit its analysis of the legislative delineation of the nature and scope of duties relative to criminal defendants as being applicable only to the county medical examiner and not to persons assisting the medical examiner in investigating deaths. We see no need or logic to limit Maiden in this fashion. Construing the statute as a whole, Weems v Chrysler Corp, 448 Mich. 679, 699-700; 533 N.W.2d 287 (1995), we note that the county medical examiner is specifically authorized to designate persons who, like defendant, are not licensed physicians to serve as "investigators to assist . . . in carrying out the duties required by this act." MCL 52.201a(2); MSA 5.953(1a)(2). Duties are to be assigned to such investigators on the basis of the county medical examiner's determination regarding the qualifications (education, training, or experience) the investigator brings to this job. MCL 52.201a(2); MSA 5.953(1a)(2). One of the important duties statutorily imposed on county medical examiners is the investigation of "the cause and manner" of certain deaths. MCL 52.202; MSA 5.953(2). The statute specifically allows the county medical examiner to delegate to investigators duties associated with that investigation. MCL 52.205(2); MSA 5.953(5)(2) ("[t]he medical examiner may designate [an investigator] to take charge of the body, make pertinent inquiry, note the circumstances surrounding the death. . . .").
Plaintiff argues that footnote 14 of Maiden suggests such a limitation:
We disagree that we are essentially granting "absolute immunity to any government employee who has statutorily enumerated duties." Post at [142]. The statute applies only to medical examiners, and the scope of the statutory duty imposed on the medical examiner to the state is completely incompatible with a duty to a criminal defendant. As noted supra, n 12, we do not suggest that the statute grants absolute immunity in every case. The specific facts of this case militate against imposing a duty on defendant medical examiner for the benefit of plaintiff. [ Maiden, supra at 132, n 14].
The referenced footnote 12 reads:
We do not mean to suggest that the statute, infra, delineates the scope of the medical examiner's duty in all cases. There may well be instances of misconduct on the part of a medical examiner that are not implicated by the statute. However, such a case is not before us today, and we need not speculate on facts not presented. [ Id. at 130, n 12].
Reading footnote 14 in light of footnote 12, we conclude that Maiden was merely limiting its holding to cases where a medical examiner was allegedly grossly negligent in the methods and procedures surrounding a criminal investigation, and not suggesting that the same analysis would apply to other kinds of misconduct. This same limitation would apply with respect to the duty imposed on the authorized staff of a medical examiner. Under this analysis, Maiden's holding against imposing a duty for the benefit of a criminal defendant applies here because this case involves allegations of gross negligence in the course of a criminal investigation.
In sum, the statute specifically authorizes county medical examiners to employ nonlicensed physicians to assist in the investigation of deaths if the medical examiner determines that persons with specialized qualifications and knowledge are needed to assist in that investigation. Considering this legislative scheme, we see no reason to limit the analysis of Maiden simply to the appointed county medical examiner. To the contrary, the logic of Maiden would apply to any person duly authorized by the examiner to assist in an investigation authorized and, in fact, required by the statute. Accordingly, just as "[n]othing in the statutory scheme has created duties to a criminal defendant" on the part of the medical examiner, there are no such duties imposed on those persons hired as authorized by the statute to assist the examiner; "instead, [their] duty is owed to the state." Maiden, supra at 132. We conclude that the protection afforded a county medical examiner by Maiden extends to persons employed by the medical examiner to assist in the investigation of a death. The county medical examiner here employed defendant, an odontologist, to assist in the investigation of a crime where the victim had teeth-bite marks that might have helped establish the identity of the assailant. Having been authorized by the medical examiner to assist in the investigation because of the special knowledge and experience he brought to the case, defendant's only duty was to the medical examiner and to the state, and defendant fulfilled that duty by providing his expert opinion and testimony to aid in the investigation of the offense. Id.
Thus, under the medical examiner's statute, defendant owed no duty to plaintiff. No duty was owed to plaintiff for a separate and independent reason as well. Apart from the statute, Maiden further concluded that, because the defendant "consulted with the prosecutor and later testified against plaintiff as the state's factual and expert witness at plaintiff's preliminary examination," her role was "plainly adversarial to plaintiff's interests." Maiden, supra at 133. The court noted precedents where it had "declined to impose a duty on an attorney to his client's adversary" and established that "the duty imposed on a witness is generally owed to the court, not the adverse party." Id. As a result, Maiden held that "a breach of the duty owed to the court does not give rise to a cause of action in tort by the adverse party." Id.
The same logic applies here. Defendant's role in the investigation was plainly adversarial to plaintiff's interests and defendant's duty as a witness at the preliminary examination was owed to the court, not to plaintiff. Applying Maiden to these facts, we conclude that defendant would have owed plaintiff no duty even if the medical examiner's statute was inapplicable.
For these reasons, there being no duty imposed on defendant for plaintiff's benefit, the gross negligence claim fails as a matter of law. Summary disposition was properly granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8).
IV. Witness Immunity
Finally, to the extent that plaintiff's claim is based on the theory that defendant was grossly negligent in testifying against him at his preliminary examination, summary disposition was also proper under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Because defendant was a witness testifying during the course of judicial proceedings, his statements were absolutely privileged, provided they were relevant, material, or pertinent to the issue being tried. Maiden, supra at 133-134; Reno, supra at 106; Couch v Schultz, 193 Mich. App. 292, 294-295; 483 N.W.2d 684 (1992). This quasi-judicial immunity applies even though defendant's examination was performed, and his opinion developed, out of court. Maiden, supra at 134-135.
Because we have concluded that summary disposition was properly granted to defendant for the reasons stated, we need not consider defendant's other arguments in support of summary disposition.
V. Conclusion
Accepting as true the allegations in plaintiff's complaint, it is apparent that defendant performed his tasks with respect to the Airasolo murder in an incompetent, if not reprehensible, manner. Plaintiff ends his brief to us with an impassioned plea:
Defendant Warnick, for whatever reason, crossed the line between prosecution and persecution, turning a system of justice into a system of oppression. In so doing, he trampled upon the rights of Plaintiff and caused him enormous, horrific harm. Plaintiff now turns to you jurists, simply seeking and demanding a fair trial in his quest for a measure of justice. No self-respecting system of justice would deny him access to the courts and to our cherished jury system.
We note that a substantially similar request was made in another case brought against defendant and appealed to our Court, which resulted in an unpublished opinion. Amolsch v Warnick, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 27, 1999 (Docket No. 203198). As in Amolsch, we sympathize with plaintiff but conclude that, regardless of how badly defendant performed his investigation and the harm that resulted, plaintiff's claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that they cannot go to a jury. As stated in Amolsch: "We can reach no other conclusion . . . without sacrificing the logic and force of directly applicable precedent to the emotional demand of result and result only. This is a sacrifice that no self-respecting system of justice can, ever, afford to make and we will not — indeed, we cannot — make it."
We affirm.