Summary
describing duty governmental unit owed to invitee
Summary of this case from Bd. of Regents v. SteinbachOpinion
No. 01-10-00228-CV
Opinion issued March 31, 2011.
On Appeal from the 113th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Case No. 2009-12939.
Panel consists of Justices KEYES, SHARP, and MASSENGALE.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is a slip-and-fall case. Appellant, Ngozi Ogueri, appeals the trial court's grant of appellee Texas Southern University's (TSU) plea to the jurisdiction. In five issues, Ogueri argues that (1) the trial court erred in granting TSU's plea to the jurisdiction because TSU's governmental immunity was expressly waived by Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 101.021(2); (2) the record "compels the conclusion" that the slippery floor was a dangerous condition that created an unreasonable risk of harm; (3) the trial court erred because Ogueri paid for use of the premises and thus should be regarded as an invitee in analyzing her premises defect claim; (4) the trial court erred in granting the plea because Ogueri was unaware of any dangerous condition, and TSU could have discovered the slippery condition of the floor through reasonable inspection and failed in its duty to warn Ogueri; and (5) the trial court erred in allowing TSU to use information it withheld from Ogueri during discovery under a claim of privilege.
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM CODE ANN. §§ 101.001-.109 (Vernon 2005 Supp. 2010) (also known as the Texas Tort Claims Act ("TTCA")).
We affirm.
Background
On January 17, 2007, Ogueri, a law student at the Thurgood Marshall School of Law at TSU, fell and sustained injuries to her ankle requiring surgery. Ogueri subsequently filed suit against TSU. She alleged in her petition that "she slipped and fell on the hard highly polished floor" and that
prior to [her] fall, other students had slipped on the floor or/and had complained about the unusually or extremely slippery nature of the floor even when the floor was dry. This condition had existed for several months prior to this incident, and [TSU's] agents were aware of the condition but did not address the problem. Moreover, it had rained that morning but no "wet floor" signs had been placed to warn about the dangerous condition. [TSU] placed the "wet floor" signs only after [Ogueri] fell.
Ogueri also alleged that TSU owed her the duty owed to an invitee.
TSU filed a plea to the jurisdiction arguing that Ogueri was a licensee, not an invitee, and that, as a licensee, she could not establish that TSU had actual knowledge of the allegedly dangerous condition. TSU also argued that Ogueri could not show that she had no knowledge of the alleged condition or that the condition itself created an unreasonable risk of harm. TSU supported its plea with the affidavit of Gloria Walker, the Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President of TSU, who averred that the Risk Management Department maintained records of all incidents and claims involving personal injury dating back to 1999 and that there were no reports or records of any incidents regarding the floor in the area where Ogueri fell. TSU also attached similar affidavits from Theresa Harrison, the Police Records Supervisor for the University Police and Public Safety Department, and Timothy Rychlec, TSU's Executive Director of Facilities and Maintenance. TSU also provided a copy of Ogueri's Spring 2007 financial statement, which indicated that she was billed for the Spring semester in November 2006 and made her first payment for the semester on January 31, 2007, after the date of her fall.
TSU also supported its plea with Ogueri's deposition testimony. In her deposition, Ogueri testified that she did not know what caused her to slip and fall, or whether there was anything on the floor, because she did not go back to check the floor. She did not describe the condition of the floor, again repeating her answer that all she knew was that she walked in and fell and did not go back to examine the floor. Ogueri testified that she was "aware . . . that students came out later that day and told [her] that there were wet floor signs up over there for the rest of the day" and that following her accident, "other students . . . told [her] that the floor was — that the floor was known to be slippery and that many people had slipped on that floor several times." She further testified that it was "drizzling" on the day of her fall and that "there was supposed to be cameras all over the school so the school would be aware of what was going on and where and how I fell." When asked if she was aware of what made the floor where she fell so slippery, Ogueri answered, "I heard the floor was always very highly polish[ed] — I don't know what cleaning agent or polishing agent was used on that floor, but it was slippery most of the time. . . . [T]hat floor was always very shiny and — it just really looked shiny, and I guess that makes it slippery."
In her response to TSU's plea, Ogueri stated that TSU did not have to have actual knowledge of the alleged condition because she was an invitee, rather than a licensee, that TSU used information it withheld during discovery under a claim of privilege, that the condition of the floor created an unreasonable risk of harm, and that she was unaware of the dangerous condition of the floor. The trial court granted TSU's plea to the jurisdiction and dismissed the case with prejudice. This appeal followed.
Plea to the Jurisdiction
In her first, second, third, and fourth issues, Ogueri challenges the trial court's grant of TSU's plea to the jurisdiction.
A. Standard of Review
Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Harris Cnty. v. Luna-Prudencio, 294 S.W.3d 690, 695 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.). In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction, we do not look to the merits of a case, but consider only the pleadings and the evidence relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry, and we construe the pleadings liberally in favor of conferring jurisdiction. Id. at 695-96. If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised, as the trial court is required to do. Id. at 696 (citing Tex. Dep't of Parks Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226-27 (Tex. 2004)). When the consideration of a trial court's subject matter jurisdiction requires the examination of evidence, the trial court exercises its discretion in deciding whether the jurisdictional determination should be made at a preliminary hearing or should await a fuller development of the case, mindful that this determination must be made as soon as practicable. Id.; see also Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000) ("Whether a determination of subject-matter jurisdiction can be made in a preliminary hearing or should await a fuller development of the merits of the case must be left largely to the trial court's sound exercise of discretion.").
In a case in which the jurisdictional challenge implicates the merits of the plaintiff's cause of action and the plea to the jurisdiction includes evidence, the trial court reviews the relevant evidence to determine if a fact issue exists. Luna-Prudencio, 294 S.W.3d at 696. If the evidence creates a fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue, then the trial court cannot grant the plea to the jurisdiction, and the fact issue will be resolved by the fact finder. Id. However, if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id.
Governmental immunity from suit deprives the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction over a plaintiff's claims against a governmental entity. Id. In a suit against a governmental unit, the plaintiff must affirmatively demonstrate the trial court's jurisdiction by alleging a valid waiver of immunity. Id. (citing Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. 2003)). The legislature granted a limited waiver of immunity in the Texas Tort Claims Act (the "TTCA"), which allows suits to be brought against governmental units in limited circumstances. Tex. Dep't of Crim. Justice v. Miller, 51 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. 2001).
Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 101.021(2) provides that a governmental unit is liable for "personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law." TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2) (Vernon 2005). Liability for a premises defect is implied under section 101.021(2) because a premises defect arises from a condition existing on real property. Perez v. City of Dallas, 180 S.W.3d 906, 910 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2005, no pet.). Ogueri, as the plaintiff, is required to plead facts sufficient to invoke a waiver of immunity under the TTCA. Cnty. of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002).
B. Ogueri's Status as an Invitee or Licensee
In her third issue, Ogueri argues that she should be regarded as an invitee for purposes of analyzing her premises defect claim because, as a student at TSU, she paid for the use of the facilities. TSU argues that Ogueri was a licensee because the record shows that she did not pay her spring tuition until January 31, 2007, which was several days after her fall.
Ogueri attached documents to her brief demonstrating that she had made payments to TSU prior to January 2007; however, these documents were not part of the official clerk's record. "We cannot consider documents attached to an appellate brief that do not appear in the record. This Court must hear and determine a case on the record as filed, and may not consider documents attached as exhibits to briefs." Till v. Thomas, 10 S.W.3d 730, 733 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).
"The type of duty owed a plaintiff is part of the waiver analysis under the TTCA." City of Irving v. Seppy, 301 S.W.3d 435, 441 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2009, no pet.) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021-.022 (Vernon 2005)). Section 101.022(a) provides that "[i]f a claim arises from a premises defect, the governmental unit owes to the claimant only the duty that a private person owes to a licensee on private property, unless the claimant pays for the use of the premises." TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022(a) (Vernon Supp. 2010); Seppy, 301 S.W.3d at 441. "If the plaintiff pays for the use of the premises, the governmental unit owes the plaintiff the duty owed to an invitee." Seppy, 301 S.W.3d at 441. "The duty owed an invitee `requires an owner to use ordinary care to reduce or eliminate an unreasonable risk of harm created by a premises condition of which the owner is or reasonably should be aware.'" Id. (quoting State Dep't of Highways Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex. 1992)).
TSU's evidence attached to its plea to the jurisdiction showed that Ogueri was charged law school tuition and other fees on November 20, 2006, and she was charged a late payment fee on January 17, 2007. Although Ogueri did not make an actual payment until January 31, 2007, she was being charged to use the university premises at the time of her accident. Thus, we conclude that Ogueri was an invitee of TSU at the time of the accident, and TSU owed her the duty owed to invitees. See Seppy, 301 S.W.3d at 441.
We sustain Ogueri's third issue.
C. Ogueri's Premises Defect Claim
In her first issue, Ogueri argues that the trial court erred in granting TSU's plea to the jurisdiction because TSU's governmental immunity was expressly waived by Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 101.021(2). In her second issue, Ogueri argues that the slippery floor was a dangerous condition that created an unreasonable risk of harm. In her fourth issue, Ogueri argues that the trial court erred in granting the plea because Ogueri was unaware of any dangerous condition, and TSU could have discovered the slippery condition of the floor through reasonable inspection and failed in its duty to warn Ogueri.
The TTCA requires Ogueri to plead that a premises defect arose from a condition of real property and that the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to Ogueri under Texas law. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). "A property possessor must not injure a licensee by willful, wanton, or grossly negligent conduct, and must use ordinary care either to warn a licensee of a condition that presents an unreasonable risk of harm of which the possessor is actually aware and the licensee is not, or to make the condition reasonably safe." See Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 554. Thus, Ogueri, as an invitee, had to plead jurisdictional facts showing that: (1) TSU had actual or constructive knowledge of some condition on the premises; (2) the condition posed an unreasonable risk of harm; (3) TSU did not exercise reasonable care to reduce or eliminate the risk; and (4) TSU's failure to use such care proximately caused her injuries. See Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992).
In her fourth issue, Ogueri argues that TSU could have discovered the slippery condition of the floor through reasonable inspection. TSU argued it did not have actual or constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition because there was no record of prior incidents or problems relating to the floor surface in question.
To establish that TSU possessed the requisite knowledge, Ogueri was required to show either that TSU knew of the dangerous condition and negligently failed to correct it or that the condition of the floor existed for so long that TSU should have discovered and corrected it in the exercise of reasonable care. See Univ. of Tex. at Austin v. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex. 2010) (holding that to establish waiver of immunity for premises-defect claim, plaintiff must show evidence of elements of premises-defect claim); Keetch, 845 S.W.2d at 264-66. "Although there is no one test for determining actual knowledge that a condition presents an unreasonable risk of harm, courts generally consider whether the premises owner has received reports of prior injuries or reports of the potential danger presented by the condition." Univ. of Tex.-Pan Am. v. Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d 511, 513 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). Actual knowledge requires knowledge that the dangerous condition existed at the time of the accident. City of Corsicana v. Stewart, 249 S.W.3d 412, 414-15 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). "[C]onstructive knowledge can be established by showing that the condition had existed long enough for the owner or occupier to have discovered it upon reasonable inspection." CMH Homes, Inc. v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97, 102-03 (Tex. 2000). Thus, constructive knowledge can be established by facts or inferences that a dangerous condition could develop over time. Stewart, 249 S.W.3d at 415.
Ogueri alleged in her petition that the floor was "highly polished," that the floor was "unusually or extremely slippery" in nature "even when the floor was dry," and that it had rained the morning of her accident. Ogueri also alleged that TSU "knew, or reasonably should have known, of the slippery floor, as other persons had complained of the [floor] prior to the incident involving [Ogueri], and several months had elapsed when [TSU's] agents observed the condition." TSU's plea to the jurisdiction challenged these jurisdictional facts. Therefore, the trial court was required to review the relevant evidence to determine if a fact issue existed, and it could only grant the plea to the jurisdiction if the relevant evidence failed to raise a fact question. See Luna-Prudencio, 294 S.W.3d at 696.
Ogueri's petition appears to allege that the floor was unusually slippery or, alternatively, that the floor was wet. Although her petition alleges that TSU had received previous complaints regarding the condition of the floor and that "several months had elapsed when [TSU's] agents had observed the condition," TSU presented evidence with its plea to the jurisdiction showing that TSU had no record of any previous complaints, incidents, or service requests.
Ogueri also complains in her fifth issue that the trial court erred in considering the evidence presented in the affidavits attached to TSU's plea to the jurisdiction. We address this complaint below.
Ogueri failed to present any jurisdictional evidence challenging these facts. In her deposition testimony, Ogueri testified that she did not know what caused her to slip and fall, or whether there was anything on the floor, because she did not go back to check the floor. She did not describe the condition of the floor, again repeating her answer that all she knew was that she walked in and fell and did not examine the floor. Thus, she did not provide any evidence of what condition TSU should have noticed. Furthermore, Ogueri testified that other students told her that TSU placed "wet floor" signs in the area where she fell following her injury and that other people had slipped in that area before. However, Ogueri did not plead or provide any evidence that the floor was actually wet when she fell. Nor does she identify these students or provide any specific evidence of previous incidents. Thus, Ogueri failed to present any evidence raising a fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue of TSU's actual or constructive knowledge of the allegedly dangerous condition. See Keetch, 845 S.W.2d at 264 (providing elements of premises liability claim); Luna-Prudencio, 294 S.W.3d at 696 (providing that if jurisdictional challenge implicates merits of plaintiff's cause of action and includes evidence, trial court must review evidence to determine if fact issue exists); see also Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at 554 (holding that it falls within trial court's discretion to determine whether ruling on subject-matter jurisdiction can be made in preliminary hearing or should wait fuller development of merits).
This lack of evidence also implicates the element requiring that the condition posed an unreasonable risk of harm. "A condition poses an unreasonable risk of harm for premises-defect purposes when there is a `sufficient probability of a harmful event occurring that a reasonably prudent person would have foreseen it or some similar event as likely to happen.'" Cnty. of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 556 (Tex. 2002) (quoting Seideneck v. Cal Bayreuther Assocs., 451 S.W.2d 752, 754 (Tex. 1970)); see also Rosas v. Buddies Food Store, 518 S.W.2d 534, 537 (Tex. 1975) ("Whether a condition constitutes a danger is a function of reasonableness. That is, if the ordinarily prudent man could foresee that harm was a likely result of a condition, then it is a danger."). The mere fact that Ogueri slipped does not, by itself, prove that the condition of the floor posed a foreseeable, unreasonable risk of harm. See Eubanks v. Pappas Rests., Inc., 212 S.W.3d 838, 841 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (holding that when plaintiff offered no evidence that "anything other than nature was involved in the occurrence of the slime or slimy mud" on which he slipped, plaintiff failed to show existence of unreasonable risk of harm, and holding that conclusory statements in affidavit and deposition that substance was result of landscaping crew's negligence in cleaning up area were not sufficient); see also M.O. Dental Lab v. Rape, 139 S.W.3d 671, 675-76 (Tex. 2004) (holding that conditions that present risks are not necessarily unreasonably dangerous). Here, Ogueri failed to present evidence of any accumulation of water on the floor or of any specific dangerous condition of the floor beyond her pleadings and deposition testimony that the floor was "highly polished" and that "that floor was always very shiny and — it just really looked shiny, and I guess that makes it slippery." These conclusory statements do not establish the existence of an unreasonable risk of harm. See Eubanks, 212 S.W.3d at 841; M.O. Dental Lab, 139 S.W.3d at 675-76.
Because Ogueri failed to present evidence raising a fact question regarding this element of her premises liability claim, she failed to present a claim that TSU, as a governmental unit, would be liable to Ogueri were it a private person. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). Thus, the evidence fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, and the trial court properly ruled on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. See Luna-Prudencio, 294 S.W.3d at 696.
Ogueri argues in her brief that she should not be required to prove her entire case to overcome an objection to the subject matter jurisdiction of the trial court. However, where a jurisdictional challenge implicates the merits of a case and includes evidence, it is proper for the trial court to consider the evidence raised and grant the plea to the jurisdiction if the evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question. See Harris Cnty. v. Luna-Prudencio, 294 S.W.3d 690, 696 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (citing Tex. Dep't of Parks Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226-28 (Tex. 2004)). Furthermore, "[w]hether a determination of subject-matter jurisdiction can be made in a preliminary hearing or should await a fuller development of the merits of the case must be left largely to the trial court's sound exercise of discretion." Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). Ogueri's cursory argument on this issue does not provide a basis for this Court to determine that the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on TSU's plea to the jurisdiction when it did.
We overrule Ogueri's fourth issue.
Because we conclude that the trial court correctly granted TSU's plea to the jurisdiction on the ground discussed above, we do not address Ogueri's remaining issues complaining of the trial court's ruling on the plea to the jurisdiction.
We also note that Ogueri did not ask for the opportunity to replead her cause of action in the trial court or on appeal, and, thus, we do consider whether the trial court should have allowed Ogueri the opportunity to amend her pleadings. See Tara Partners, Ltd. v. City of S. Houston, 282 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) ("[T]hrough inaction, a plaintiff may lose the opportunity to amend."); Haddix v. Am. Zurich Ins. Co., 253 S.W.3d 339, 347 (Tex. App.-Eastland 2008, no pet.) ("While the general rule expresses a preference for allowing an amendment, a plaintiff can waive this opportunity through inaction.") (citing Kassen v. Hatley, 887 S.W.2d 4, 13-14 n. 10 (Tex. 1994) (holding plaintiffs waived any complaint when they failed to object or request opportunity to amend their petition following trial court's ruling on motion for summary judgment attacking plaintiff's pleadings regarding sovereign immunity)); see also Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226-27 ("If the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court[']s jurisdiction but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend. If the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiffs an opportunity to amend.").
Admissibility of Affidavits
In her fifth issue, Ogueri complains that the trial court erred in considering TSU's affidavits from Walker, Harrison, and Rychlec because the affidavits contained information TSU withheld from Ogueri under a claim of privilege.
A party waives its complaint regarding inadmissible evidence if it fails to object to the affidavit containing the allegedly inadmissible evidence. See Einhorn v. LaChance, 823 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ dism'd w.o.j.); see also Rockwall Commons Assocs. v. MCR Mortg. Grantor Trust I, No. 08-09-00030-CV, 2010 WL 5387598, at *5 (Tex. App.-El Paso Dec. 29, 2010, no pet.) (holding that objections to form of affidavit include "(1) lack of personal knowledge; (2) hearsay; (3) statement of an interested witness that is not clear, positive, direct, or free from contradiction; and (4) competence"); Brown v. Brown, 145 S.W.3d 745, 751 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (holding that defects in form of affidavit must be objected to in trial court and opposing party must have opportunity to amend and that failure to obtain ruling on objection to form of affidavit waives objection).
Here, Ogueri complained in her response that TSU's affidavits contained information that it withheld during discovery under a claim of privilege. However, Ogueri did not file an objection with the trial court, and the trial court did not rule on Ogueri's complaints. Therefore, this complaint is waived. See Einhorn, 823 S.W.2d at 410; Brown, 145 S.W.3d at 751.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.