Summary
holding only the Seventh Circuit may authorize the commencement of a second or successive petition
Summary of this case from United States v. CephusOpinion
No. 96-2974
SUBMITTED SEPTEMBER 3, 1996
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 23, 1996
Rafael Nunez (submitted on briefs), Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville, TX, pro se.
Thomas P. Schneider, Office of the United States Attorney, Milwaukee, WI, for Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 96-C-835 (92-CR-185)
Thomas J. CURRAN, Judge.
Before POSNER, Chief Judge, and BAUER and EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judges.
Rafael Nunez pleaded guilty to possessing cocaine and marijuana with intent to distribute those drugs, and to using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug offense. He was sentenced to 120 months' imprisonment. His 1993 motion for relief under 28 U.S.C. sec. 2255 was denied. We dismissed the appeal after Nunez failed to pay the docketing fee. After the Supreme Court issued its decision in Bailey v. United States, 116 S.Ct. 501 (1995), Nunez filed in the district court a second sec. 2255 motion, contending that Bailey requires the district court to set aside the weapons conviction.
Nunez filed his second petition on June 27, 1996. The district court denied it on July 1, informing Nunez that under secs. 105 and 106(b)(3) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub.L. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 ("the Act"), amending 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) and 2255, second or successive petitions require the prior approval of the court of appeals. See Circuit Rule 22.2, establishing procedures for the approval mechanism. Nunez did not seek our approval. Instead, on July 22, he filed a third petition in the district court. The district court denied it on July 26 for the same reason, and Nunez filed a notice of appeal.
The district court had no option other than to deny the petition. No matter how powerful a petitioner's showing, only this court may authorize the commencement of a second or successive petition. Unlike the former standard, under which a second petition could be pursued unless the government established that it was an abuse of the writ, see McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 477, 494-95 (1991), the new prior-approval device is self-executing. From the district court's perspective, it is an allocation of subject-matter jurisdiction to the court of appeals. A district court must dismiss a second or successive petition, without awaiting any response from the government, unless the court of appeals has given approval for its filing. Even an explicit consent by the government to beginning the case in the district court would be ineffectual; the power to authorize its commencement does not reside in either the district court or the executive branch of government. A second or successive collateral attack may no more begin in the district court than a criminal prosecution may commence in the court of appeals.
Nunez does not contend that he relied to his detriment on the state of the law preceding the Act when deciding which issues to include in (or omit from) his first sec. 2255 petition, or was otherwise mousetrapped by the change of law. The holding of Burris v. Parke, No. 95-3725 (7th Cir. Sept. 12, 1996) (en banc), therefore does not apply. See Roldan v. United States, No. 96-1624 (7th Cir. Sept. 23, 1996). Moreover, even when under Burris the abuse-of-the-writ standard supplies the substantive criteria, a prisoner who wants to commence a second or successive petition after April 23, 1996, still must obtain this court's permission. Otherwise a disagreement between this court and the district court about the proper scope of Burris could cast a case into limbo, and at a minimum lead to unnecessary delay. So Nunez needs our approval to begin his collateral attack, and the district court properly dismissed his petition.
What remains is the possibility that the notice of appeal serves as a request for authorization. Treating an appeal in these circumstances as a request for authorization will speed cases to decision with a minimum of paperwork, and we therefore think that the appeal should be so treated when it is practical to make a decision on the basis of the short appellate record. Circuit Rule 22.2 specifies the information this court needs to make an intelligent decision about whether to allow a second or successive collateral attack. Nunez has not furnished that information, and we could deny his (implied) request without prejudice, see Circuit Rule 22.2(e), on that ground. Cf. Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244 (1992) (allowing a brief to serve as a notice of appeal, but only when it contains all the information required in a notice of appeal and is filed within the time for appeal). But there is a more fundamental problem. Under a final unnumbered paragraph added to sec. 2255 by sec. 105 of the Act:
A second or successive motion must be certified as provided in section 2244 by a panel of the appropriate court of appeals to contain —
(1) newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; or
(2) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.
Nunez contends that Bailey justifies his successive petition. But Bailey is not "a new rule of constitutional law" (emphasis added); it is simply an interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). By limiting relief to developments of constitutional magnitude, the Act changes the outcome of Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333 (1974), for successive sec. 2255 petitions (although not for initial ones). What is more, Bailey has not been "made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court". So instead of telling Nunez to file additional papers in order to comply with Circuit Rule 22.2, we shall dispose of his case forthwith.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed. The implied application for leave to file a successive petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is denied.