Opinion
No. 13-02-632-CV.
April 17, 2003. Rehearing Overruled May 22, 2003.
Appeal from the 214th District Court of Nueces County, Texas, Jose Longoria, J.
Reversed and remanded.
Alissa A. Adkins, Assistant County Attorney, Rene C. Flores, Chief of Litigation, Corpus Christi, for appellant.
Kathleen L. Day, Kim Cox, Corpus Christi, for appellees.
Before Justices HINOJOSA, RODRIGUEZ, and WITTIG.
Retired Justice Don Wittig assigned to this Court by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas pursuant to Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003 (Vernon 1998).
OPINION
Appellant, Nueces County, brings this accelerated interlocutory appeal following the trial court's denial of its plea to the jurisdiction. By one issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction because appellant is immune from suit under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. We reverse and remand.
We have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal pursuant to section 51.014(a)(8) of the civil practice and remedies code, which provides that an appeal may be taken from an interlocutory order that grants or denies a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit as defined in section 101.001. See Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Ann. §§ 51.014(a)(8), 101.001 (Vernon Supp. 2003). A county is such a governmental unit. Id. § 101.001(3)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2003).
I. Facts
Appellees, former and current employees of the Nueces County Sheriff's Department, brought an action under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) alleging that appellant: (1) failed to pay appellees compensation for time worked; (2) made the accruing of compensatory time compulsory; (3) failed to compute overtime accurately; (4) limited the amount of vacation leave and sick leave that could be accumulated; and (5) did not allow appellees to take their entitled sick leave or vacation leave. See 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 201, 206, 207 (West 1998 Supp. 2002). Appellees seek statutory damages and penalties for the alleged violations of FLSA, pre-and-post judgment interest, costs, and attorneys' fees. Appellant filed a plea to the jurisdiction alleging it has sovereign immunity from appellees' claims. The trial court denied appellant's plea to the jurisdiction. This appeal ensued.
II. Standard of Review
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea; its purpose is "to defeat a cause of action without regard to whether the claims asserted have merit." Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The plea challenges the trial court's authority to determine the subject matter of a pleaded cause of action. City of Midland v. Sullivan, 33 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2000, pet. dism'd w.o.j.); State v. Benavides, 772 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied).
We review a trial court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction under a de novo standard of review because subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law. City of Fort Worth v. Robles, 51 S.W.3d 436, 439 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied). In determining whether jurisdiction exists, rather than looking at the claim's merits, we look to the allegations in the pleadings, accept them as true, and construe them in favor of the pleader. See County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002); Met-RX USA, Inc. v. Shipman, 62 S.W.3d 807, 810 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, pet. denied); Robles, 51 S.W.3d at 439. We may also consider evidence necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised. See Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 555; Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 555; Shipman, 62 S.W.3d at 810; Baston v. City of Port Isabel, 49 S.W.3d 425, 427 n. 2 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied).
When a plaintiff fails to plead facts that establish jurisdiction, but the petition does not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiff should be afforded the opportunity to amend. Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 555. On the other hand, if the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. Id.
III. Analysis
Sovereign immunity, unless waived, protects the State of Texas from lawsuits for damages absent legislative consent. Gen. Servs. Comm'n v. Little-Tex Insulation Co., 39 S.W.3d 591, 594 (Tex. 2001). Like the State, a county is a governmental unit protected by sovereign immunity. Travis County v. Pelzel Assocs., Inc., 77 S.W.3d 246, 248 (Tex. 2002); Nueces County v. Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d 205, 217 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.); see Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Ann. § 101.001(3)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2003); Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 554. Accordingly, plaintiffs who sue the State, its agencies, or subdivisions, such as counties, must establish a waiver of sovereign immunity in order for the trial court to have jurisdiction, except where the suit: (1) is not actually a suit against the State, such as an ultra vires action taken pursuant to an unconstitutional law; (2) does not seek to impose liability on the State, seek money damages against the State, or seek to control state action, as in a declaratory judgment suit; (3) alleges constitutional violations of a self-enacting state constitutional provision and seeks the appropriate relief provided by such a provision; (4) alleges civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (1998); (5) alleges violations of federal procedural due process; and (6) alleges inverse condemnation. Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d at 218-19 n. 15; Morris v. Collins, 916 S.W.2d 527, 531 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ) (O'Connor, J., concurring).
Appellate courts often use the terms sovereign immunity and governmental immunity interchangeably. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, No. 01-0491, 2003 Tex. LEXIS 22, at *4 n. 3 (March 6, 2003). Sovereign immunity refers to the State's immunity from suit and liability. Id. Governmental immunity, on the other hand, protects political subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities, and school districts. Id. However, because the parties refer to the alleged immunity in this case as sovereign, we will also refer to appellant's immunity as sovereign.
Where these exceptions do not apply, the plaintiff must: (1) allege legislative consent to such suit in his petition, either by reference to statute or express legislative permission; and (2) plead facts which fall within the scope of the waiver relied on. Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d at 219. Aside from certain exceptions, absent a pleading of consent in the petition, the trial court is without jurisdiction to hear the case. Id. In this instance, appellees did not plead consent in their petition and their suit is not one that entails one of the above exceptions to immunity. However, appellees contend that they did not need to plead such a waiver because, as a county, the doctrine of sovereign immunity does not apply to appellant in this instance. Relying on Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999), appellant contends that even though appellees have a federal claim under the FLSA, appellant, as an arm of the State, has sovereign immunity over such a claim. In Alden, the State of Maine claimed it had sovereign immunity over claims made by a group of probation officers alleging that the State had violated the overtime provisions of the FLSA. See id. at 711. The United States Supreme Court concluded that the United States Congress does not have the power to subject non-consenting States to private suits for damages in state courts. See id. at 712 754. Appellees attempt to distinguish Alden from the instant case in that Alden specifies that sovereign immunity "bar[s] suits against States but not lesser entities." Id. at 756. Because appellant is a county and not a State, appellees contend, the doctrine of sovereign immunity does not apply to it. However, the Alden court went on to hold that entities like "municipal corporation[s] or other governmental entit[ies] which [are] not an arm of the state," are not entitled to sovereign immunity. Id. As we already held earlier in this opinion, a county, under Texas statutory and common law, is an arm of the State. See Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code Ann. § 101.001(3)(B); see also Pelzel Assocs., Inc., 77 S.W.3d at 248; Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 554; Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d at 217. Thus, as an arm of the State, appellant has protection under sovereign immunity, even to federal law claims such as this one. See Alden, 527 U.S. at 756. Because appellees failed to plead consent and allege facts that demonstrate appellant's waiver of immunity, the trial court did not properly have jurisdiction over this cause and erred in denying appellant's plea to the jurisdiction. Appellant's sole issue is sustained.
It is not necessary to specifically plead consent in a petition where there is a general statutory right to bring suit against a particular governmental entity or particular type of claim. Nueces County v. Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d 205, 219 n. 16 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.) (citing Missouri Pac. R.R. Co. v. Brownsville Navigation Dist., 453 S.W.2d 812, 813-14 (Tex. 1970); City of San Antonio v. Cortes, 5 S.W.3d 708, 711-12 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1999, no pet.)). However, this exception does not apply in this instance. See Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 712 754 (1999).
IV. Conclusion
Having determined that appellees failed to state a claim for which sovereign immunity is waived, we must now decide whether their petition is incurably defective or, whether, under the facts alleged in the petition, it may be amended to allege a cause within the trial court's jurisdiction. See Brown, 80 S.W.3d at 555. As we have already noted, appellees' suit arises under alleged FLSA violations and, thus, may not be maintained absent legislative consent. Because appellees have never claimed, either to the trial court or to this Court, to have legislative consent for this suit, we conclude that it is not possible for the petition to be amended to confer jurisdiction on the trial court. See id.; see also Ferguson, 97 S.W.3d at 224; City of Houston v. Northwood Mun. Util. Dist. No. 1, 73 S.W.3d 304, 313 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).
Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's order denying appellant's plea to the jurisdiction and remand this cause with instructions to grant appellant's plea to the jurisdiction and dismiss this case for want of jurisdiction.