Summary
holding that determination of "furnished for regular use" is fact specific inquiry and two general classes have emerged: where employer has furnished vehicle for employee and where vehicle has been purchased but title not yet transferred
Summary of this case from Strickland v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.Opinion
No. 307PA89
Filed 5 April 1990
Insurance 85 (NCI3d) — automobile insurance — medical resident — nonowned vehicle not furnished for regular use — exclusion from policy A state-owned van driven daily by a medical resident between East Carolina University in Greenville and Wayne County Memorial Hospital in Goldsboro, where she was on an eight-week rotation, was "furnished for [her] regular use" within the meaning of her automobile insurance policy with plaintiff insurer, thus excluding it from liability coverage.
Am Jur 2d, Automobile Insurance 244.
ON discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. 7A-31 of a decision of the Court of Appeals, 94 N.C. App. 591, 380 S.E.2d 790 (1989), which affirmed summary judgment entered for defendants by Reid, Jr., J., at the 7 August 1987 Civil Session of Superior Court, PITT County. Heard in the Supreme Court 14 March 1990.
Baker, Jenkins Jones, P.A., by Ronald G. Baker and Robert E. Ruegger, for plaintiff-appellant.
Henderson, Baxter Alford, P.A., by B. Hunt Baxter, Jr., for defendant-appellee Warren.
Law Offices of Marvin Blount, Jr., by Marvin Blount, Jr. and Albert Charles Ellis, for defendant-appellee Popkin.
Justice MARTIN dissenting.
The single question in this declaratory judgment action is whether a state-owned van driven daily by a medical resident between East Carolina University in Greenville and Wayne County Memorial Hospital in Goldsboro, where she was on an eight-week rotation, was "furnished for [her] regular use" within the meaning of her automobile insurance policy with plaintiff insurer, thus excluding it from liability coverage. The trial court denied plaintiff insurer's motion for summary judgment and allowed that of defendants, the medical resident and her passenger, a medical student. Holding that such use was not "regular" for purposes of the policy's exclusion from coverage, the Court of Appeals affirmed. N.C. Farm Bureau Mutual Ins. Co. v. Warren, 94 N.C. App. 591, 380 S.E.2d 790 (1989). We allowed discretionary review on 5 October 1989. We now reverse the Court of Appeals.
The pleadings, depositions, and affidavits before the trial court on the parties' motions for summary judgment established the following facts:
On 29 January 1985 an accident occurred involving a van driven by defendant Melinda Barefoot Warren, a medical resident at East Carolina University. Catherine Popkin, a medical student at East Carolina University and a passenger in the van, was injured. The van was owned by the East Area Health Education Agency and had been furnished to Dr. Warren in order for her to drive to and from Wayne County Memorial Hospital in Goldsboro for an eight-week rotation. The rotation, which had begun about the first of January, required that Dr. Warren go to Wayne County Memorial Hospital five to seven times a week. Dr. Warren's use of the vehicle included driving various East Carolina University medical students, who were on two-week rotations in the same hospital, to and from Goldsboro, but she was not permitted to use the van for personal business or pleasure. Although Dr. Warren retained the keys to the vehicle for the three- or four-week interval of the rotation preceding the accident, and although she habitually kept the van in her driveway overnight between trips to Goldsboro, occasionally a medical student would drive the van and Dr. Warren would ride with another. On such occasions the medical student would return the van to Dr. Warren's driveway at the day's end. When Dr. Warren was on call in Goldsboro, she would keep the vehicle there overnight. In her deposition Ms. Popkin stated that transportation to and from hospitals at which medical students had scheduled rotations "was always made available to residents and medical students who had to do rotations at . . . hospitals other than . . . Pitt County Memorial Hospital."
Dr. Warren and her husband were the named insureds on a policy of automobile liability insurance with plaintiff insurer. The policy provided that the insurer would "pay damages for bodily injury or property damage for which any covered person becomes legally responsible because of an auto accident," and that it would settle or defend any claim asking for these damages from the insured. Among the listed exclusions was the following:
B. We do not provide Liability Coverage for the ownership, maintenance or use of:
1. Any vehicle, other than your covered auto, which is
a. owned by you; or
b. furnished for your regular use.
The meaning of "regular use" is not included among the policy's definitions, nor is the term defined in the Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Act of 1953, N.C.G.S. 20-279.1 to 20-279.39 (1989). Indeed, this Court has recognized that "[n]o absolute definition can be established for the term `furnished for regular use.' Each case must be decided on its own facts and circumstances." Whaley v. Insurance Co., 259 N.C. 545, 552, 131 S.E.2d 491, 496-97 (1963) (quoting Home Insurance Company v. Kennedy, 2 Storey 42, 152 A.2d 115 (Del.Super. 1959)). Accordingly, the definition stated in each case construing this policy phrase has depended upon the particular facts of that case. Their facts have tended to cause such cases to fall into two general groups. In the first class of cases the driver is an employee who was using an employer-provided vehicle for personal business or pleasure, with or without the employer's permission. See, e.g., Whaley v. Insurance Co., 259 N.C. 545, 131 S.E.2d 491 (frequent personal use, without permission, is "regular use"); Whisnant v. Insurance Co., 264 N.C. 195, 141 S.E.2d 268 (1965) (isolated, casual, unauthorized use in an emergency not an occasion upon which vehicle "furnished for regular use"). See also Insurance Co. v. Bullock, 21 N.C. App. 208, 203 S.E.2d 650 (1974) (non-employee driver, but frequent, permissive, personal use is "regular use"). In these cases the courts consistently stated that whether a vehicle is for a driver's regular use is to be determined by both its availability and the frequency of its use. Whisnant v. Insurance Co., 264 N.C. at 198, 141 S.E.2d at 270; Whaley v. Insurance Co., 259 N.C. at 554, 131 S.E.2d at 498; Insurance Co. v. Bullock, 21 N.C. App. at 210, 203 S.E.2d at 652. See also Jenkins v. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., 324 N.C. 394, 401, 378 S.E.2d 773, 778 (1989).
In the second class of cases a vehicle has been purchased and handed over to the purchaser, but there has been no transfer of the certificate of title, the statutory requisite for a vehicle to be "owned" within the meaning of the law. See N.C.G.S. 20-4.01 (26) (1989). In these cases, again, the availability for use and the frequency of the driver's use of the car have been analyzed in determining whether that use has been "regular." See, e.g., Jenkins v. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., 324 N.C. 394, 378 S.E.2d 773 (car possessed for two years prior to accident, but unfit for "regular use," thus not within exception); Gaddy v. Insurance Co. and Ramsey v. Insurance Co., 32 N.C. App. 714, 233 S.E.2d 613 (1977) (where certificate of title held by another and insured has unrestricted use and possession of vehicle, it is "furnished for the regular use of" the insured driver); Devine v. Casualty Surety Co., 19 N.C. App. 198, 198 S.E.2d 471 (1973) (continuous possession for regular use without restrictions constitutes "regular use"). See also Indiana Lumbermens Ins. Co. v. Unigard Indemnity Co., 76 N.C. App. 88, 331 S.E.2d 741, cert. denied, 314 N.C. 666, 335 S.E.2d 494 (1985) (vehicle "furnished for regular use" and not entitled to coverage as "non-owned" car where father held certificate of title but gave son possession and permissive, non-restricted use of vehicle).
Unlike the many fact variations to which the definition of "furnished for regular use" has had to be applied in prior cases, the facts in the case before us do not require a specialized definition. The driver in this case was operating a vehicle owned not by her, but by the Eastern Area Health Education Agency. As it customarily did for other residents and students with rotations at hospitals in other counties, the agency had put the van at the driver's disposal for the eight-week period of her rotation at Wayne County Memorial Hospital. Her use of the van was to make scheduled, virtually daily trips. This pattern of use accords with one typical, dictionary definition of "regular": "steady or uniform . . . in practice or occurrence; . . . returning or recurring at stated or fixed times or uniform intervals." Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language 2099 (2d ed. 1950). Under the facts and circumstances of this case, for Dr. Warren's use of the van to have been "regular," it was not necessary that the van's availability be exclusive or permanent. Cf. Insurance Co. v. Bullock, 21 N.C. App. at 210, 203 S.E.2d at 651-52. Nor, under the facts and circumstances of this case, was it necessary for her use of the van to be full and unrestricted, a critical fact in cases in which an employee uses an employer's vehicle for personal business, but one irrelevant here. Compare Whaley v. Insurance Co., 259 N.C. 545, 131 S.E.2d 491, with Whisnant v. Insurance Co., 264 N.C. 195, 141 S.E.2d 268. We hold that a van made available on a recurring basis at virtually daily intervals for a period of some weeks also fits the definition of "furnished for regular use," and that this use fell squarely within the list of exclusions stated in Dr. Warren's liability policy with plaintiff insurer.
We accordingly reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to that court for its further remand to the Superior Court, Pitt County, to strike summary judgment entered for the defendants and to enter summary judgment instead for the plaintiff.
Reversed and remanded.