Opinion
Decided October 12, 2011.
Appeal from a judgment of the Civil Court of the City of New York, Kings County (Carolyn E. Wade, J.), entered July 1, 2010. The judgment, entered upon an order denying plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in plaintiff's favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health and granting the motions of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff as against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and to direct a verdict in favor of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., on the complaint, and defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., on the third-party complaint, dismissed the complaint and, in effect, the third-party complaint.
ORDERED that the judgment is modified by striking the dismissal of the complaint insofar as asserted against defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and the dismissal of the third-party complaint; the order denying plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in plaintiff's favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health and granting the motions by defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside the jury verdict and to direct a verdict in their favor is vacated; the motions by defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff as against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and to direct a verdict in favor of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., on the complaint, and defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., on the third-party complaint, are granted to the extent of setting aside the jury verdict and ordering a new trial as to so much of the complaint as is asserted against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S.; plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in his favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health is granted to the extent of ordering a new trial on plaintiff's complaint insofar as asserted against defendant Franklin Dental Health; the third-party complaint is reinstated; and the matter is remitted to the Civil Court for a new trial on the complaint insofar as asserted against defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and for all further proceedings on the third-party complaint; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed, without costs.
PRESENT: WESTON, J.P., PESCE and RIOS, JJ.
Plaintiff commenced this action against Franklin Dental Health (Franklin), its owner Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to recover damages for dental malpractice, alleging negligent dental treatment in 2003. Plaintiff testified at trial that he had made an appointment for an examination and a cleaning at Franklin's facility after receiving a brochure from his union indicating that Franklin would provide dental treatment to union members. On his first visit, he had his teeth cleaned, and X rays were taken. Apparently, a treatment plan was also formulated, and he was told by Dr. Youdeem and two other dentists, one of whom he identified as Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, that he needed to have root canal work done, although, he stated, he was not in any pain. On his second visit, Dr. Ladyzhenskaya did a root canal procedure on tooth #4. On his third visit, Dr. Ladyzhenskaya did a root canal procedure on tooth #5 and, during the course of that procedure, he suffered severe pain. Eventually, his cheek became red and swollen. He testified that, as of the date of trial in April and May of 2010, he was still unable to chew food on that side of his mouth. Plaintiff's expert testified that defendants' negligence was predicated upon the formulation of plaintiff's treatment plan and in the administration of sodium hypochlorite during the root canal procedure on tooth #5.
Dr. Ladyzhenskaya testified that she practiced at Franklin about two or three days per week and that she was an independent contractor. She was paid by Franklin by check, and no taxes were taken out of the checks that she received from Franklin. No one at Franklin supervised her work, and another dentist at Franklin, Dr. Boujouran, who is not a party to this action, had formulated the treatment plan which recommended root canal treatment. She had no independent recollection of plaintiff.
Dr. Youdeem testified that Franklin was a professional corporation and that she was its sole owner. There were several dentists at Franklin, including Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, who worked as independent contractors, and who were paid on a per diem basis. New patients were assigned to the dentists who happened to be working at the time they came in. The first time that plaintiff came to Franklin, he was assigned to Dr. Boujouran, who formulated plaintiff's treatment plan.
During the course of the trial, the Civil Court granted Dr. Ladyzhenskaya's motion to dismiss the complaint as against her on statute of limitations grounds. Thereafter, Franklin and Dr. Youdeem commenced a third-party action against Dr. Ladyzhenskaya for, among other things, indemnification and contribution.
The Civil Court charged the jury on vicarious liability (PJI 2:255), instructing the jury that Franklin could be liable for the acts of its employees but not for the acts of independent contractors. The court declined plaintiff's request, with respect to the issue of Franklin's liability, that the doctrine of ostensible agency be charged. The verdict sheet did not include an interrogatory regarding Franklin's liability, but did contain, among other things, an interrogatory regarding whether Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was an independent contractor. The jury returned a verdict finding that Dr. Youdeem was not negligent in formulating the treatment plan, that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was an independent contractor, that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was negligent in administering the sodium hypochlorite and that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya's negligence was a substantial factor in causing plaintiff's injury. In apportioning liability, the jury found that Dr. Youdeem was 10 percent at fault and that Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was 90 percent at fault. The jury then proceeded to award plaintiff damages for his dental expenses, and for past and future pain and suffering. Although there had been some off-the-record discussion about resubmitting the verdict sheet to the jury due to a possible inconsistency in the verdict, this apparently was not done, and the jury was discharged.
After the jury was excused, plaintiff objected to the fact that the court had not asked the jury to reconsider its answers to the interrogatories on the verdict sheet, and asked the court to direct a verdict against Franklin based upon the jury's finding of liability on the part of Dr. Ladyzhenskaya. By separate motions Franklin and Dr. Youdeem, and Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, moved to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff and against Dr. Youdeem and to direct a verdict in their favor. The court, stating that it was clear that the jury had found no liability, opted to set aside the jury verdict and direct that judgment be entered dismissing the complaint and, in effect, the third-party complaint. A judgment was entered accordingly, and this appeal by plaintiff ensued.
Ordinarily, a hospital or clinic will be liable for the negligent acts of an employee, but not for the negligent acts of an independent contractor. Nevertheless, vicarious liability may be imposed upon a hospital or clinic for the negligence of an independent contractor under a theory of apparent or ostensible agency ( Kavanaugh v Nussbaum, 71 NY2d 535, 547 ["vicarious liability for medical (or dental) malpractice generally turns on agency or control in fact, or apparent or ostensible agency"]). Thus, where a hospital or clinic holds out an independent contractor to be its agent or employee, it may be estopped from asserting such independent contractor status if the patient has relied on that representation ( see Hill v St. Clare's Hosp., 67 NY2d 72, 79). While we disagree with plaintiff's contention that the Civil Court should have directed a verdict against Franklin based upon the jury's finding of liability on the part of Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, it is our determination that there was sufficient evidence presented at trial to warrant the issue of Franklin's vicarious liability based on ostensible agency to be submitted to the jury, and the Civil Court erred in declining plaintiff's request to instruct the jury on that issue.
This error was compounded when the Civil Court was confronted with the jury verdict, which contained answers to interrogatories which were internally inconsistent. Instead of asking the jury to further consider its answers and verdict prior to its discharge or, in the alternative, ordering a new trial ( see CPLR 4111 [c]; see also Clarke v Order of the Sisters of St. Dominic, 273 AD2d 431), the Civil Court directed the entry of judgment in favor of defendants and, in effect, the third-party defendant, which, under these circumstances, was error. While ordinarily an objection to a verdict as inconsistent must be made before the jury is discharged or the issue will not be preserved for appellate review ( see Barry v Manglass, 55 NY2d 803, 806), a new trial may be ordered in the absence of an objection "where the interest of justice manifestly requires it" ( Vera v Bielomatik Corp., 199 AD2d 132). A new trial is therefore required with respect to so much of the complaint as is asserted against Franklin and Dr. Youdeem. We note that we leave undisturbed the dismissal, based on statute of limitations grounds, of so much of plaintiff's complaint as is asserted against Dr. Ladyzhenskaya.
Accordingly, the judgment is modified by striking the dismissal of the complaint insofar as asserted against defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and the dismissal of the third-party complaint; the order denying plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in plaintiff's favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health and granting the motions by defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside the jury verdict and to direct a verdict in their favor is vacated; the motions by defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and third-party defendant Yalena Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., to set aside the jury verdict in favor of plaintiff as against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and to direct a verdict in favor of defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., on the complaint, and Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, D.D.S., on the third-party complaint, are granted to the extent of setting aside the jury verdict and ordering a new trial as to so much of the complaint as is asserted against defendant Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S.; plaintiff's motion to direct a verdict in his favor against defendant Franklin Dental Health is granted to the extent of ordering a new trial on plaintiff's complaint insofar as asserted against defendant Franklin Dental Health; the third-party complaint is reinstated; and the matter is remitted to the Civil Court for a new trial on the complaint insofar as asserted against defendants Franklin Dental Health and Patricia Youdeem, D.D.S., and for all further proceedings on the third-party complaint.
Pesce and Rios, JJ., concur.
Weston, J.P., dissents in part and concurs in part in a separate memorandum.
Weston, J.P., dissents in part and concurs in part and votes to affirm the judgment in the following memorandum:
While I agree with the majority that the evidence was sufficient to support a charge of ostensible agency, I cannot agree, on this record, that the issue was adequately preserved. Moreover, plaintiff's challenge to the verdict sheet as inconsistent is also unpreserved and should not be reviewed in the interest of justice. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent in part and vote to affirm the judgment in its entirety.
CPLR 4110-b provides, in relevant part, that "[n]o party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict stating the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objection." In the absence of a clear and specific objection immediately following the trial court's charge, appellate courts are unwilling to consider errors relating to the charge on appeal ( see e.g. Silverstein v Marine Midland Trust Co. of NY, 35 AD3d 840; Hamilton v Raftopoulos, 176 AD2d 916; Stern v Waldbaum, Inc., No. 10, 109 AD2d 789).
Here, the record does not indicate that plaintiff definitively and timely objected to the trial court's charge on the ground that it should have included an instruction on vicarious liability based on ostensible agency. Indeed, nothing in the record demonstrates that plaintiff even requested a charge on ostensible agency. Although plaintiff, at trial, vaguely referred to having made such a request, he did not do so until after the jury had rendered its verdict and was excused from the courtroom. Prior to that time, the only issue discussed was whether Dr. Ladyzhenskaya was an independent contractor or an employee of Franklin Dental Health (Franklin) subject to vicarious liability. By not specifically requesting a charge on ostensible agency and failing to object to the charge as given, plaintiff failed to preserve his claim that the court erred in not submitting the theory of ostensible agency to the jury ( see Silverstein, 35 AD3d 840).
To the extent that the majority relies on plaintiff's request to charge to establish preservation, such reliance is misplaced. As the appealing party, plaintiff bears the burden of presenting a proper record for appellate review so that we, as an appellate court, can make an informed decision on the merits ( see Whyte v Destra, 298 AD2d 384). Nothing in the transcript or the court file contains plaintiff's request to charge. Instead, plaintiff simply attaches a copy of a request to charge to his brief on appeal. Since the request to charge was not part of the court file, and there is no indication as to whether the request, as submitted, was ever presented to the Civil Court, I would decline to consider it as part of the record on appeal ( see Rules of the App Term, 2d, 11th 13th Jud Dists [ 22 NYCRR] § 731.1 [a] [in civil actions "the clerk's return, as required to be made and filed pursuant to section 1704 of the Civil Court Act, shall constitute the record on appeal"]).
Nevertheless, were I to consider the issue in the interest of justice, I would agree that the evidence was sufficient to support a charge on ostensible agency, and that the proper remedy would be to order a new trial with respect to so much of the complaint as is asserted against Franklin and Dr. Youdeem ( see Hill v St. Clare's Hosp., 67 NY2d 72). The evidence demonstrates that plaintiff did not specifically engage the services of Dr. Ladyzhenskaya, but instead sought treatment from Franklin. Plaintiff testified that, after going to the same dentist for about 15 years, he decided to go to Franklin after receiving a brochure from his union, which identified Franklin as a clinic providing free dental work. Since Franklin was close to his job, he made an appointment for a dental checkup and was assigned to a dentist who happened to be working at that time. In these circumstances, where plaintiff specifically sought treatment from Franklin, and not from a particular dentist, plaintiff could assume that the treating dentists at Franklin were acting on Franklin's behalf ( see id.; see also Mduba v Benedictine Hosp., 52 AD2d 450). Thus, as the majority notes, a charge on ostensible agency should have been given and the proper remedy would be to order a new trial as to so much of the complaint as is asserted against Franklin and Dr. Youdeem.
By ordering a new trial, the majority need not reach plaintiff's remaining claim regarding the verdict sheet. In any event, that claim, too, is unpreserved, as plaintiff did not raise an objection until after the jurors had been discharged. "[B]y failing to object to [the verdict sheet] before the jury retired to deliberate, and then again failing to register an objection and/or request that the jury be sent out for further deliberations before the jurors were discharged" ( Kwa v Roberts, 18 AD3d 444, 444 [internal quotation marks omitted]), plaintiff failed to preserve his claim that the verdict sheet should have been re-submitted to the jurors.
Since plaintiff failed to preserve his claims for appellate review, and as I find no basis to review those claims in the interest of justice, I vote to affirm the judgment.